Empirical model for correcting the influence of the Moon in the analysis of light pollution measurements
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18690/Keywords:
light pollution, SQM, Moonlight, Empirical model, correctionAbstract
In this study, we present one-month measurements of sky brightness using a Sky Quality Meter in a rural location. The measurements were taken in one-hour series at five-minute intervals, with weather conditions, Moon position, and Moon brightness also recorded. Analysis of the measurements shows a marked influence of the Moon's illumination and position, as well as cloud cover. Based on the findings, we develop an empirical model that considers the illumination of the disk, the height above the horizon, the air mass, and atmospheric extinction. The model accurately describes the measured data and allows the measurements to be converted into equivalent dark nights without the Moon. The correction reduces the variation between nights and allows for a more reliable assessment of the artificial contribution to light pollution.
Downloads
References
Aubé, M. (2015). Physical behaviour of anthropogenic light propagation into the nocturnal environment. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 370(1667), 20140117. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0117
Aubé, M., Roby, J., & Kocifaj, M. (2013). Evaluating Potential Spectral Impacts of Various Artificial Lights on Melatonin Suppression, Photosynthesis, and Star Visibility. PLoS ONE, 8(7), e67798. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0067798
Bará, S., & Falchi, F. (2023). Artificial light at night: A global disruptor of the night-time environment. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 378(1892), 20220352. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2022.0352
Duriscoe, D. M., Anderson, S. J., Luginbuhl, C. B., & Baugh, K. E. (2018). A simplified model of all-sky artificial sky glow derived from VIIRS Day/Night band data. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 214, 133–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2018.04.028
Falchi, F., Cinzano, P., Elvidge, C. D., Keith, D. M., & Haim, A. (2011). Limiting the impact of light pollution on human health, environment and stellar visibility. Journal of Environmental Management, 92(10), 2714–2722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.06.029
Falcón, J., Torriglia, A., Attia, D., Viénot, F., Gronfier, C., Behar-Cohen, F., Martinsons, C., & Hicks, D. (2020). Exposure to Artificial Light at Night and the Consequences for Flora, Fauna, and Ecosystems. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 14, 602796. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2020.602796
Gara, J. (2023). The Pros and Cons of Artificial Lighting: Understanding the Advantages and Disadvantages. 1stsourcelighting. https://1stsourcelighting.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-artificial-lighting/
Hänel, A., Posch, T., Ribas, S. J., Aubé, M., Duriscoe, D., Jechow, A., Kollath, Z., Lolkema, D. E., Moore, C., Schmidt, N., Spoelstra, H., Wuchterl, G., & Kyba, C. C. M. (2018). Measuring night sky brightness: Methods and challenges. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 205, 278–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2017.09.008
Jamal, M. S., Falak, S., & Khan, Z. A. (2022). An Analysis on How Artificial Light at Night May Impact the Sustainable Development Goals 2030 and Human Health. Chronobiology in Medicine, 4(1), 8–20. https://doi.org/10.33069/cim.2021.0030
Jechow, A., Ribas, S. J., Domingo, R. C., Hölker, F., Kolláth, Z., & Kyba, C. C. M. (2018). Tracking the dynamics of skyglow with differential photometry using a digital camera with fisheye lens. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 209, 212–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2018.01.032
Kasten, F., & Young, A. T. (1989). Revised optical air mass tables and approximation formula. Applied Optics, 28(22), 4735. https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.28.004735
Krisciunas, K., & Schaefer, B. E. (1991). A model of the brightness of moonlight. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 103, 1033. https://doi.org/10.1086/132921
Kyba, C. C. M., Ruhtz, T., Fischer, J., & Hölker, F. (2011). Cloud Coverage Acts as an Amplifier for Ecological Light Pollution in Urban Ecosystems. PLoS ONE, 6(3), e17307. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0017307
Kyba, C., Ruby, A., Kuechly, H., Kinzey, B., Miller, N., Sanders, J., Barentine, J., Kleinodt, R., & Espey, B. (2021). Direct measurement of the contribution of street lighting to satellite observations of nighttime light emissions from urban areas. Lighting Research & Technology, 53(3), 189–211. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477153520958463
Levin, N., Kyba, C. C. M., Zhang, Q., Sánchez De Miguel, A., Román, M. O., Li, X., Portnov, B. A., Molthan, A. L., Jechow, A., Miller, S. D., Wang, Z., Shrestha, R. M., & Elvidge, C. D. (2020). Remote sensing of night lights: A review and an outlook for the future. Remote Sensing of Environment, 237, 111443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111443
Owens, A. C. S., & Lewis, S. M. (2018). The impact of artificial light at night on nocturnal insects: A review and synthesis. Ecology and Evolution, 8(22), 11337–11358. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4557
Posch, T., Binder, F., & Puschnig, J. (2018). Systematic measurements of the night sky brightness at 26 locations in Eastern Austria. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 211, 144–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2018.03.010
Puschnig, J., Wallner, S., Schwope, A., & Näslund, M. (2022). Long-term trends of light pollution assessed from SQM measurements and an empirical atmospheric model. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 518(3), 4449–4465. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac3003
Sánchez De Miguel, A., Aubé, M., Zamorano, J., Kocifaj, M., Roby, J., & Tapia, C. (2017). Sky Quality Meter measurements in a colour-changing world. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 467(3), 2966–2979. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx145
Sanders, D., Baker, D. J., Cruse, D., Bell, F., Van Veen, F. J. F., & Gaston, K. J. (2022). Spectrum of artificial light at night drives impact of a diurnal species in insect food web. Science of The Total Environment, 831, 154893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154893
Sky Quality Meter. (2021). Unihedron. https://www.unihedron.com/projects/darksky/
Small, C., & Elvidge, C. D. (2013). Night on Earth: Mapping decadal changes of anthropogenic night light in Asia. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 22, 40–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2012.02.009
Trsinar, K., Potrc, M., Dovnik, D., Slavinec, M., Klemencic, E. (2025, April 17-18 ). Light pollution and its impact on biodiversity [Conference presentation]. Sustainable Innovation & Technology: Bringing Science and Society Closer Together, Maribor, Slovenia.
Žiberna, I. (2016). Svetlobna onesnaženost na območju Maribora. Revija Za Geografijo, 119–130.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Anali PAZU

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.