Red-letter Reading Days: An eye-tracking perspective on Dr Seuss’ Green Eggs and Ham
Abstract
This article examines eye gaze while a multimodal text with vibrant and colourful images is read and furthermore specifically investigates the effect of the Stroop test on eye gaze. The Stroop colour-word test was designed to test the ability of a reader to suppress a habitual response. This particular variation of the test presented readers with words that refer to colour, but are presented in a different colour.
Results indicate images are used when unfamiliar objects are referred to and faces and characters attract attention. The use of incongruent colours definitely causes cognitive dissonance and negatively affect reading.
Downloads
References
Anderson, H. (2001). Sense and nonsense in the wisdom of Dr. Seuss. New Theology Review, August 2001, 37–50.
Bergh, L. & Beelders, T. (2014). An eye-tracking report on reference points, cognitive affordance and multimodal metaphors. In A. Maiorani & C. Christie (Eds.) Multimodal epistemologies: Towards an integrated framework (p.13–27). London: Routledge.
Bergh, L. & Beelders, T. (forthcoming). Dr Seuss and red and green choices: An eye-tracking perspective.
Dr. Seuss. (1960). Green Eggs and Ham. New York: Publisher Beginner Books.
Duchowski, A. (2007). Eye Tracking Methodology: Theory and Practice (2nd ed.). London: Springer.
Hanuliková, A. (2021). Do faces speak volumes? Social expectations in speech comprehension and evaluation across three age groups. PLoS ONE 16(10): e0259230. https://doi.org/1-0.1371/journal.pone.0259230
Hessels, R.S., Kemner, C., van den Boomen, C., Hooge I.T. (2016). The area-of-interest problem in eyetracking research: A noise-robust solution for face and sparse stimuli. Behav Res Methods. Dec2016, 48(4):1694–1712. doi: 10.3758/s13428-015-0676-y.
Jakovljević T., Janković M.M., Savić A.M., Soldatović I., Mačuzˇić I., Jakulin T.J., Papa, G. & Ković, V. (2021). The effect of colour on reading performance in children, measured by a sensor hub: From the perspective of gender. PLoS ONE, 16(6): e0252622. Available at https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252622
Kress, G. & Van Leeuwen, T. (2001). Multimodal Discourse. The modes and media of contemporary communication. London: Hodder Arnold.
Kress, G. & Van Leeuwen, T. (2006). Reading Images. The grammar of visual design. (2nd edition). London: Routledge.
Kuruyer, H.G., Akyol, H., Karli Oğuz, K. & Has, A.C. (2017). The effect of an enrichment reading program on the cognitive processes and neural structures of children having reading difficulties. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 9(4), 809–828.
Matheson, I.A. & MacCormack, J. (2021). Avoiding left-right, top-to-bottom: An examination of high-school students’ executive functioning skills and strategies for reading non-linear graphic text. Reading Psychology, 42(1), 1–21.
Miller-Naudé, C., Beelders, T., Naudé, J.A. & Bergh, L. (2017). Visual Grammar: An eye-tracking perspective on cognitive complexity in Biblical Hebrew pronunciation. In F.E. Greenspahn & G. A. Rendsburg (Eds.) Le-ma ‘an Ziony. Essays in honor of Ziony Zevit (pp. 316–344). Eugene, Oregon: Cascade Books.
Moje, E. & Shyu, W-R. (1992). The places you’ve taken us, Dr. Seuss! Education Digest, 0013127X. Dec92, 58(4). Available at https://eds-p-ebscohost-com.ufs
Moore, J., Moore, P.J.A. & Moore, B.C. 2022. Green eggs and ham by Dr Seuss: employing digital tools to improve readability of patient-facing materials. Ulster Med J, 91(1), 50.
Ozcelik, E., Karakus, T., Kursun, E. & Cagiltay, K. (2009). An eye-tracking study of how color coding affects multimedia learning. Computers & Education, 445–453.
Perret, P. & Ducrot, S. (2010). Viewing-position effects in the Stroop task: Initial fixation position modulates Stroop effects in fully colored words. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 17(4), 550–555.
Raymo, C. (1992). Dr. Seuss and Dr. Einstein. Children’s books and scientific imagination. Horn Book Magazine, 00185078, Sep., 68(5). Available at https://eds-p-ebscohost-com.ufs
Rayner, K. (1998). Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 124(3), 372.
Stroop, J. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643–662.
Tobii Connect (2022). Digging into Areas of Interest (AOIs). Available at connect.tobii.com-/s/article/digging-into-areas-of-interest-aois?language=e_US#:~text=A-reas%20of%Inte-rest%20are.over%20the%20time%20of%20interest
Tuesday Trivia. (2022). The inspiration for Dr. Seuss’ Green Eggs and Ham. Plan Sponsor News, Mar2022. Available at https://eds-p-ebscohost-com.ufs
Uttl, B., & Graf, P. (1997). Color-Word Stroop test performance across the adult life span. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 19, 405–420.
Vakil, E., Mass, M. & Schiff, R. (2016). Eye movement performance on the Stroop test in adults with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 23(10), 1160–1169. Van der Elst, W., Van Boxtel, M., Van Breukelen, G. & Jolles, J. (2006). Influence of age, sex and educations; and normative data for a large sample across the adult age range. Assessment, 13(1), 62–79.
Yamamoto, N., Incera, S. & McLennan, C.T. (2016). A reverse Stroop task with mouse tracking. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 670. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00670.
Copyright (c) 2023 Luna Bergh, Tanya Beelders
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.