The Model of Employment: A Possible Solution to the Problem of Unemployment?
Abstract
Unemployment inflicts costs on the government budget, on the unemployed individu- al, and on the society as a whole in many ways. The paper summarizes the findin- gs of published research on negative consequences of unemployment and as such founds the need to solve the problem of unemployment. It discusses the Model of Employment, which is a possible solution to the problem of unemployment and thus addresses the need to reduce the costs of unemployment. The crux of the model is a redistribution of the total number of workplaces and total annual working hours among the »new actively employed population«. The model takes into account the fact that there should be a match between the requirements of a workplace and the educational profile of a prospective employee.
Downloads
References
Ahn, N., García, J. R. in Jimeno, J. F. (2004). The Impact of Unemployment on Individual Well-Being in the EU. European Network of Economic Policy Research Institutes, Working Paper No. 29/July 2004.
BLS – Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States Department of Labor. (2008). BLS Information: Glossary: Discouraged workers. Dosegljivo: http://www.bls.gov/bls/glossary.htm#discouraged_workers (23. 7. 2012).
CBS – Central Bureau of Statistics, Netherlands. (2012). More women part-time employed. Dosegljivo: http://www.cbs.nl/enGB/menu/themas/arbeidsocialezekerheid/publicaties/artikelen/archief/2012/2012-3580-wm.htm (29. 7. 2012).
Charles, K. K. in Stephens, M. (2004). Job Displacement, Disability, and Divorce. Journal of Labor Economics 22 (2): 489–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/381258
Clark, A. E. in Oswald, A. J. (2002). A simple statistical method for measuring how life events affect happiness. International Journal of Epidemiology 31 (6): 1139–1144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/31.6.1139
Classen, T. J. in Dunn, R. A. (2012). The Effect of Job Loss and Unemployment Duration on Suicide Risk in the United States: A New Look Using Mass-Layoffs and Unemployment Duration. Health Economics 21 (3): 338–350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hec.1719
Čadil, J., Pavelka, T., Kaňková, E. in Vorlíček, J. (2011). Odhad nákladů nezaměstnanosti z pohledu veřejných rozpočtů (Unemployment Cost Estimate from Public Budgets Perspective). Politicka Ekonomie (Political Economy) 5, 618–637.
Eurofound. (2009). European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions: European Company Survey 2009: Part-time work in Europe. Dosegljivo: http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/pubdocs/2010/86/en/3/EF1086EN.pdf (29. 7. 2012).
Eurofound. (2012). European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions: Fifth European Working Conditions Survey, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. Dosegljivo: http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/pubdocs/2011/82/en/1/EF1182EN.pdf (29. 7. 2012).
European Commission. (2012). European Economy: Europeaneconomic forecast- spring 2012. Dosegljivo http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/publications/european_ economy/2012/pdf/ee-2012-1_en.pdf (26. 7. 2012).
Eurostat. (2012a). Persons employed part-time – Total. Dosegljivo: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tps00159&plugin=1 (29. 7. 2012).
Eurostat. (2012b). Public expenditure on labour market policy measures, by type of action: Total LMP measures (categories 2-7). Dosegljivo: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tps00077&plugin=1 (18. 7. 2012).
Eurostat. (2012c). Public expenditure on labour market policy measures, by type of action: Total LMP supports (categories 8-9). Dosegljivo: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tps00078&plugin=1 (18. 7. 2012).
Eurostat. (2012d). Participants in labour market policy measures, by type of action: Total LMP measures (categories 2-7). Dosegljivo: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tps00079&plugin=1 (19. 7. 2012).
Eurostat. (2012e). Beneficiaries of labour market policy supports, by type of action: Total LMP supports (categories 8-9). Dosegljivo: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tps00080&plugin=1 (19. 7. 2012).
Eurostat. (2012f). Public expenditure on labour market policies, by type of action. Total LMP (categories 1-9). Dosegljivo: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/refreshTableAction.do;jsessionid=9e-a7d07e30e7031072df326e4a298efdc82f87e54972.e34OaN8Pc3mMc40Lc3aMaNyTaxuOe0?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=tps00076&language=en (19. 7. 2012).
Eurostat. (2012g). Gross domestic product at market prices. Purchasing Power Standard per inhabitant. Dosegljivo: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=tec00001&language=en (19. 7. 2012).
Fagin, L. in Little, M. (1984). The Foresaken Families. Middx: Penguin.
Fraser, N. in Sinfield, A. (1985). The Cost of High Unemployment. Social Policy & Administration 19 (2): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9515.1985.tb00223.x
Frey, B. S. in Stutzer, A. (2002). Happiness and Economics. Princeton in Oxford: Princeton University Press.
Helliwell, J. F. in Huang, H. (2011). New Measures of the Costs of Unemployment: Evidence from the Subjective Well-Being of 2.3 Million Americans. National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper No. 16829.
ILO. (1982). International Labour Organization: Resolution concerning statistics of the economical- ly active population, employment, unemployment and underemployment, adopted by the Thirteenth Internatio- nal Conference of Labour Statisticians. Dosegljivo: http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/stat/download/res/ecacpop.pdf (22. 7. 2012).
IMF. (2012). International Monetary Fund: World Economic Outlook – EconStats: Slovenia. Dosegljivo: http://www.econstats.com/weo/CSVN.htm (26. 7. 2012).
Knabe, A. in Rätzel, S. (2007). Quantifying the non-pe- cuniary costs of unemployment: the role of permanent income. SOEP papers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research, Paper No. 32. DIW Berlin, The German Socio
-Economic Panel (SOEP).
Kozieł, S., Lopuszańska, M., Szklarska, A. in Lipowicz, A. (2010). The Negative Health Consequences of Unemployment: The Case of Poland. Economics & Human Biology 8 (2): 255–260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. ehb.2010.05.004
Krueger, A. B. in Mueller, A. (2012). Time use, emotional well-being and unemployment: Evidence from longitudinal data. Dosegljivo: https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:yZM67z_HYCMJ: http://www.aeaweb.org/aea/2012conference/program/retrieve.php?pdfid%3D563+Krueger,+A.+B.+and+Mueller,+A.+(2012).+time+use,&hl=en&gl=si&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiG6ujtcuaV5GEIXwmHcp12U-10cYY5eenhFUATb3gW9ytdiPr8FXZpxtrk2R-F5LyJwBLFM_KJ-OruC_qLOtXI54uWojimM_2TpKIHfQ43K4bJEVvMWP35nRuAlhxVkp006L-cf&sig=AHIEtbSQhqGEB1GBfGvCJ_6VJwZsgXl00A (14. 7. 2012).
MDDSZ. (2012). Ministrstvo za delo, družino in socialne zadeve Republike Slovenije: Delovna področja: Delovna razmerja in pravic iz dela: Socialno partnerstvo: Minimalna plača. Dosegljivo: http://www.mddsz.gov.si/si/delovna_podrocja/delovna_razmerja_in_pravice_iz_dela/socialno_partnerstvo/minimalna_placa/ (21. 7. 2012).
Narendranathan, W. in Elias, P. (1993). Influences of Past history on the incidence of Youth Unemployment: Empirical Findings for the UK. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 55(2): 161–185. V: O’Higgins, N. (1997). The challenge of youth unemployment. International Social Security Review 50 (4): 63–93.
O’Higgins, N. (1997). The challenge of youth unemployment. International Social Security Review 50 (4): 63–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-246X.1997.tb01084.x
Ochsen, C. in Welsch, H. (2006). The social cost of unemployment: Accounting for unemployment duration. Applied Economics 43 (27): 3999–4005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036841003761900
OECD. (2012). Organization for Economic Co-opera- tion and Development: Slovenia - Economic forecast summary – May 2012. Dosegljivo: http://www.oecd.org/eco/economicoutlookanalysisandforecasts/slovenia-economicforecastsummarymay2012.htm (26. 7. 2012).
Oreopoulos, P., Page, M. in Stevens, A. H. (2008). The In- tergenerational Effects of Worker Displacement. Journal of Labor Economics 26 (3): 455–483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/588493
Schimmack, U., Schupp, J. in Wagner, G. G. (2008). The influence of environment and personality on the affective and cognitive component of subjective well-being. Social Indicators Research 89 (1): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-007-9230-3
Schmitt, J. in Jones, J. (2012). America’s ‘New Class’: A Profile of the Long-Term Unemployed. New Labor Forum 21 (2): 57–65.
Stevens, A. H. in Schaller, J. (2011). Short-run effects of parental job loss on children's academic achievement. Economics of Education Review 30 (2): 289–299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2010.10.002
SURS. (2010). Statistični urad Republike Slovenije: Politika trga dela, Slovenija, 2008 - končni podatki. Dosegljivo: http://www.stat.si/novica_prikazi.aspx?id=3120 (16. 7. 2012).
SURS. (2012a). Statistični urad Republike Slovenije: Podatkovni portal: Demografsko in socialno področje: Delovno aktivno prebivalstvo, registrirane brezposelne osebe in stopnje registrirane brezposelnosti po sta- tističnih regijah prebivališča, Slovenija, mesečno. Dosegljivo: http://pxweb.stat.si/pxweb/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=0700950S&ti=&path=../Database/Dem_soc/07_trg_dela/05_akt_preb_po_regis_virih/01_07009_aktivno_preb_mesecno/&lang=2 (16. 7. 2012).
SURS. (2012b). Statistični urad Republike Slovenije: Podatkovni portal: Demografsko in socialno področje: Tabela: Prebivalstvo staro 15 ali več let po statusu aktivnosti, spolu in starosti, Slovenija, večletno. Dosegljivo: http://pxweb.stat.si/pxweb/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=05G3002S&ti=&path=../Database/Dem_soc/05_prebivalstvo/20_soc_ekon_preb/03_05G30_aktivnost/&lang=2 (16. 7. 2012).
SURS. (2012c). Statistični urad Republike Slovenije: Podatkovni portal: Demografsko in socialno področje: Prosta delovna mesta. Dosegljivo: http://pxweb.stat.si/pxweb/Dialog/Saveshow.asp (16. 7. 2012 ).
SURS. (2012d). Statistični urad Republike Slovenije: Aktivno prebivalstvo (po Anketi o delovni sili), Slovenija,
četrtletje 2011 – končni podatki. Dosegljivo: http://www.stat.si/novica_prikazi.aspx?id=4615 (16. 7. 2012).
SURS. (2012e). Statistični urad Republike Slovenije: Statistične informacije: Trg dela. Dosegljivo: http://www.stat.si/doc/statinf/07-SI-008-1202.pdf (16. 7. 2012 ).
SURS. (2012f). Statistični urad Republike Slovenije: Delovno aktivno prebivalstvo. Dosegljivo: http://www.stat.si/vodic_oglej.asp?ID=243&PodrocjeID=7 (20. 12. 2012).
SURS. (2012g). Statistični urad Republike Slovenije: Aktivno prebivalstvo. Dosegljivo: http://www.stat.si/vodic_oglej.asp?ID=348&PodrocjeID=7 (20. 12. 2012).
Tefft, N. (2011). Insights on Unemployment, Unemployment Insurance, and Mental Health. Journal of Health Economics 30(2), 258-264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.01.006
UMAR. (2009). Urad Republike Slovenije za makroekonomske analize in razvoj: Poročilo o razvoju / Metodološki listi – Stopnja brezposelnosti. Dosegljivo: http://www.umar.gov.si/fileadmin/user_upload/publikacije/pr/2009/ml/4/ML-Brezposelnost_2009_Kraigher_.pdf (24. 7. 2012).
UMAR. (2012). Urad Republike Slovenije za makro- ekonomske analize in razvoj: Pomladanska napoved gospodarskih gibanj 2012 – Statistična priloga. Dosegljivo: http://www.umar.gov.si/fileadmin/user_upload/publikacije/analiza/Pomladanska_napoved_2012/statisticna_prilogaPNNG2012.pdf (26. 7. 2012).
Uradni list Republike Slovenije, št. 107/2006. (2006). Uradno prečiščeno besedilo Zakona o zaposlovanju in zavarovanju za primer brezposelnosti (ZZZPB-UPB1). Dosegljivo: http://www.uradni-list.si/1/content?id=75918 (31. 7. 2012).
Uradni list Republike Slovenije, št. 95/2007. (2007). Uradno prečiščeno besedilo Zakona o sistemu plač v javnem sektorju (ZSPJS-UPB7). Dosegljivo: http://www.uradni-list.si/1/content?id=82716 (21. 12. 2012).
Uradni list Republike Slovenije, št. 80/2010. (2010). Zakon o urejanju trga dela (ZUTD). Dosegljivo: http://www.uradni-list.si/1/content?id=100223 (28. 8. 2013).
Uradni list Republike Sovenije, št. 96/2012. (2012). Zakon o pokojninskem in invalidskem zavarovanju (ZPIZ-2) Dosegljivo: http://www.uradni-list.si/1/content?id=110802#!/Zakon-o-pokojninskem-in-invalidskem-zavarovanju-(ZPIZ-2) (21. 12. 2012).
Waddington, D., Critcher, C. in Dicks, B. (1998). ‘All jumbled up’: Employed women with unemployed husbands. V Popay, J. Hearn, J. in Edwards, J. (ur.), Men, Gender Divisions and Welfare (str. 231–256). London: Routledge.
Willis, P. (1986). Unemployment: the final inequality. British Journal of Sociology of Education 7(2): 155–169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0142569860070204
Winkelmann, L. in Winkelmann, R. (1998). Why Are the Unemployed So Unhappy? Evidence from Panel Data. Economica 65(257), 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0335.00111