The Ethics of Climate Change, Climate Policy and Climate Justice
Keywords:
climate ethics, causal responsibility, moral responsibility, historical responsibility, legal responsibility, climate justice, sustainable development, polluter pays principle, loss and damage, environmental human rights-based climate litigation
Abstract
The fossil fuel industry is the driving force behind our current carbon-centric socioeconomic systems. The industry has imposed fossil fuel-dependent business models and behaviours on the global socioeconomic system. The actions and plans of the industry are far from being aligned with the 1.5°C target set by the Paris Agreement. Moreover, they remain overlooked in the global climate discourse and negotiations. This paper builds its arguments starting from a moral issue: climate change is an ethical failure, and the industry has had a unique role in causing, shaping, advancing, and defending the current unsustainable fossil fuel-dependent global economy, and thus bears responsibility and has duties of reparation to limit consequent harm. This paper examines the various moral principles of rectifying the unjust situation created by the actions that produced climate change. Although the Paris Agreement assigns responsibilities to states, climate lawsuits against fossil fuel companies are also on the rise. This paper helps link legal frameworks and the relationship between climate justice, sustainable development, and environmental human rights to make radical, systemic changes to ensure a sustainable future.
Povzetek
Industrija fosilnih goriv je gonilna sila naših sedanjih družbeno-gospodarskih sistemov, ki so osredotočeni na ogljik. Ta industrija je v svetovni družbeno-gospodarski sistem uvedla poslovne modele in vedenje, ki so odvisni od fosilnih goriv. Ukrepi in načrti industrije še zdaleč niso usklajeni s ciljem 1,5 °C, določenim v Pariškem sporazumu. Poleg tega ostaja spregledana v svetovnem podnebnem diskurzu in pogajanjih. Ta članek gradi svoje argumente, izhajajoč iz moralnega vprašanja: podnebne spremembe so etična napaka, industrija pa je imela edinstveno vlogo pri povzročanju, oblikovanju, pospeševanju in obrambi sedanjega netrajnostnega svetovnega gospodarstva, odvisnega od fosilnih goriv, zato nosi odgovornost in dolžnost povračila škode, da bi omejila posledično škodo. V tem prispevku so obravnavana različna moralna načela za odpravo nepravičnega stanja, ki je nastalo zaradi dejanj, ki so povzročila podnebne spremembe. Čeprav Pariški sporazum odgovornost nalaga državam, so v porastu tudi podnebne tožbe proti podjetjem za fosilna goriva. Prispevek pomaga povezati pravne okvire in razmerje med podnebno pravičnostjo, trajnostnim razvojem in okoljskimi človekovimi pravicami za korenite sistemske spremembe, ki bodo zagotovile trajnostno prihodnost.
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References
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Attfield, R. (2015) Environmental Ethics: An Overview for the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge : Polity).
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Broberg, M. and Romera, B.M (2021) “Loss and Damage after Paris: All Talk and No Action?,” in The Third Pillar of International Climate Change Policy: On ‘Loss and Damage’ After the Paris Agreement, ed. Morten Broberg et al. (Oxford: Routledge), 1-8.
Broome, J. (2012) Climate Matters: Ethics in a Warming World (London: W. W. Norton & Company).
Caney, S. (2010 a) “Climate Change, Human Rights and Moral Thresholds.” In Climate Ethics: Essential Readings, by Stephen M Gardiner, Simon Caney, Dale Jamieson and Henry Shue (Oxford: OUP).
Caney, S. (2010 b) ‘Climate Change, Human Rights and Moral Thresholds’. In Human Rights and Climate Change, ed. Stephen Humphreys (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Carrington, D. (2023) Vast fossil fuel and farming subsidies causing 'environmental havoc'. 15 June 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jun/15/vast-fossil-fuel-and-farming-subsidies-causing-environmental-havoc-world-bank (accessed: August 29, 2023).
Chomsky, A. (2022) Is Science Enough? Forty Critical Questions About Climate Change (Boston: Beacon Press).
Columbia Climate School. (2023) Montana Young People Have Won a Key Climate Case. What That Means – So Far,” Columbia Climate School, State of the Planet, August 16, 2023, Montana Young People Have Won a Key Climate Case. What That Means—So Far. (columbia.edu) (accessed on August 25, 2023).
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Crawford, J. (2019) Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law. 9th edition (Oxford: OUP).
Crossley, N. (2022) Understanding Humanitarian Protection (Oxford: Routledge).
De Burca, G. (2021) Reframing Human Rights in a Turbulent Era (Oxford: OUP).
Dessler, A. E. and Parson, E.A. (2020) The Science and Politics of Global Climate Change: A Guide to the Debate (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Drenon B. (2023) “Maui fires: More than 1,000 still missing as search continues,” BBC News, August 23, 2023, Maui fires: More than 1,000 still missing as search continues - BBC News (accessed on August 30, 2023).
Fischlin, A. (2017) “Scientific and Political Drivers for the Paris Agreement: Background and Role of Science.” In The Paris Agreement on Climate Change: Analysis and Commentary, by Daniel Klein, Maria Pia Carazo, Meinhard Doelle, Jane Bulmer and Andrew Higham, 3-16. (Oxford: OUP).
Fisher, E., Lange, B. and Scotford, E. (2019). Environmental Law: Text, Cases, and Materials (Oxford: OUP).
Gaeta, P., E Vinuales, J. and Salvatore Z. (2020) Cassese's International Law (Oxford: OUP).
Gardiner, S. (2011) A Perfect Moral Strom: The Ethical Tragedy of Climate Change (Oxford: OUP).
Gonzalez, Carmen G. (2021) “Racial Capitalism and the Anthropocene.” In The Cambridge Handbook of Environmental Justice and Sustainable Development, by Sumudu A Atapattu, Carmen G Gonzalez and Sara L Seck, 72-85 (Cambridge: CUP).
Grasso, M. (2022) From Big Oil to Big Green: Holdig the Oil Industry to Account for the Climate Crisis (Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT).
Guardian Editorial (2023) “The Guardian view on planetary boundaries: the Earth has limits and governments must act on them,” The Guardian, September 23, 2023, The Guardian view on planetary boundaries: the Earth has limits and governments must act on them | Editorial | The Guardian (accessed on August 30, 2023).
Heede, R. and Grasso, M. (2023) “Time to Pay the Piper: Fossil Fuel Companies' reparations for climate damages.” One Earth (Cell Press) 6, no. 5.
Henriksen, A. (2023) International Law. 4th ed (Oxford: OUP).
Hey, E. (2016) Advanced Introduction to International Environmental Law (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar).
Hausfather, Z. (2021) “Analysis: What the new IPCC report says about when world may pass 1.5C and 2C,” CarbonBrief, August 10, 2021, Analysis: What the new IPCC report says about when world may pass 1.5C and 2C - Carbon Brief (accessed on August 20, 2023).
Hausfather, Z. (2023) “State of the climate: Global temperatures throughout mid- shatter records,” CarbonBrief, October 23, 2023, State of the climate: Global temperatures throughout mid-2023 shatter records - Carbon Brief (accessed on November 1, 2023).
Jacobo, J. (2023) “Earth reaches hottest day ever recorded 4 days in a row,” ABC News, July 7, 2023, Earth reaches hottest day ever recorded 4 days in a row - ABC News (go.com) (accessed on August 30, 2023).
Johnston, I. (2023) “Slovenia appeals for support after devastating flooding,” Financial Times, August 6, 2023, Slovenia asks for support from EU and Nato after devastating floods | Financial Times (accessed on August 30, 2023).
Kalin, W. (2023) Internal Displacement and the Law (Oxford: OUP).
Kerns, Thomas A. (2022) Youth Climate Courts: How You Can Host a Human Rights Trial for People and Planet (Oxford: Routledge).
Knox, John H. (2020) “The Pais Agreement as a Human Rights Treaty.” In Human Rights and 21st Century Challenges: Poverty, Conflict, and the Environment, by Dapo Akande, Jaakko Kuosmanen, Helen McDermott and Dominic Roser, 323-34 (Oxford: OUP).
Knox, John H. and Pejan, R. (2018). The Human Right to a Healthy Environment (Cambridge: CUP).
Kotze, Louis J. (2021) “Human Rights and Socioecological Justice through a Vulnerability Lens.” In The Cambridge Handbook of Environmental Justice and Sustainable Development, by Sumudu A Atapattu, Carmen G Gonzalez and Sara L Leck, 86-100 (Cambridge: CUP).
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Lukiv, J. and Walsh, A. (2023) “Canada wildfires: At least 30,000 households in British Columbia told to evacuate,” BBC News, August 20, 2023, Canada wildfires: At least 30,000 households in British Columbia told to evacuate - BBC News.
Mayer, B. (2021) “Milieudefensie v Shell: Do oil corporations hold a duty to mitigate climate change?” The European Journal of International Law, June 3, 2021, Milieudefensie v Shell: Do oil corporations hold a duty to mitigate climate change? – EJIL: Talk! (ejiltalk.org) (accessed November 11, 2023).
McKinnon, C. (2022) Climate Change and Political Theory (Cambridge: Polity).
Milman, O. (2023) “’Monster profits’ for energy giants reveal a self-destructive fossil fuel resurgence,” Guardian, February 9, 2023, ‘Monster profits’ for energy giants reveal a self-destructive fossil fuel resurgence | Fossil fuels | The Guardian (accessed on August 20, 2023).
Morrow, D. (2020) Values in Climate Policy (London: Rowman & Littlefield).
Nicholas, K. (2021) Under the Sky We Make: How to Be Human in a Warming World (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons).
Nilsen, E. (2023) “World isn’t moving fast enough to cut pollution and keep warming below 2 degrees Celsius, UN scorecard says,” CNN, September 8, 2023, World isn't moving fast enough to cut pollution and keep warming below 2 degrees Celsius, UN scorecard says | CNN (accessed on August 20, 2023)
Nyberg, D., Wright, C. and Bowden, V. (2023) Organising Responses to Climate Change: The Politics of Mitigation, Adaptation and Suffering (Cambridge: CUP).
Parsons, L. (2023) Carbon Colonialism: How rich countries export climate breakdown (Manchester: Manchester University Press).
Rose, C. et al. (2022) An Introduction to Public International Law (Cambridge: CUP).
Rose, C., Blokker, N., Dam-de Jong, D., Van den Driest, S., Heinsch, R. and Koppe, E. (2022) An Introduction to Public International Law (Cambridge: CUP).
Sands, P., Peel, J., Fabra, A. and MacKenzie, R. (2018) Principles of International Environmental Law. 4th edition (Cambridge: CUP).
Shue, H. (2021) The Pivotal Generation: Why We Have a Moral Responsibility to Slow Climate Change Right Now (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press).
Sritharan, Elijah S. (2023) “Climate Change-Related Displacement and the Determination of Refugee Status under the 1951 Refugee Convention.” LeXonomica 15, no. 1., 1-32.
Stillman, D. (2023) The Washington Post. 15 Aug 2023. https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2023/08/15/july-hottest-month-worldwide-heat/ (accessed: Aug 26, 2023).
Thompson, Paul B. and E Norris, P. (2021) Sustainability: what everyone needs to know (Oxford: OUP).
Thornton, F. (2018). Climate Change and People on the Move: International Law and Justice (Oxford: OUP).
United Nations Climate Change (UNFCCC) News (2022) Climate Plans Remain Insufficient: More Ambitious Action Needed Now. 28 October 2022. https://unfccc.int/news/climate-plans-remain-insufficient-more-ambitious-action-needed-now#:~:text=The%20UN%27s%20Intergovernmental%20Panel%20on,be%20cut%2043%25%20by%202030. (accessed: August 28, 2023).
United Nations Environment Programme (2022) “Emissions Gap Report 2022: The Closing Window - Climate crisis calls for rapid transformation of societies.” (Nairobi).
Vanderheiden, S. (2008) Atmospheric Justice: A Political Theory of Climate Change (New York: Oxford University Press).
Woods, K. (2020) “The State of Play and the Road Ahead: The Environment and Human rights.” In Human Rights and 21st Century Challenges, by Dapo Akande, Jaakko Kuosmanen, Helen McDermott and Dominic Roser, 297-304 (Oxford: OUP).
Worland, J. (2022) “The Selfish Case for Climate Justice,” TIME, Nov. 7/Nov. 14, 2022, 42-46.
World Health Organisation. (2022) “Household air pollution: Key facts,” November 28, 2022, Household air pollution (who.int) (accessed on August 25, 2023).
Published
2023-12-06
How to Cite
Sritharan E. S. (2023). The Ethics of Climate Change, Climate Policy and Climate Justice. LeXonomica, 15(2), 147-188. https://doi.org/10.18690/lexonomica.15.2.147-188.2023
Section
Articles