Some Comments on the Legal Regulation on Misinformation and Cyber Attacks Conducted Through Online Platforms
Keywords:
cyber attacks, freedom of expression, online platforms, marketplace of ideas, digital services act
Abstract
What are the tools to effectively manage the new threats to the free flow of opinions to protect this essential precondition for a pluralist social and political system? As a basis for action at the community level, how can we protect users who use internet platforms to inform themselves on issues of public interest from disinformation attacks through cyberspace? Effective action against cyber-attacks that adversely affect certain fundamental rights requires a combination of instruments, creating the technological, economic, human and legal conditions for meaningful counter-measures. In legal terms, the guarantees that platform providers must offer each user to prevent cyber attacks and illegal content should be laid down, and legal instruments should be put in place to ensure they are always available. In addition, in the event of misusing any content shared on the platform or of personal data made available to the operator, clear responsibilities should be established, and the extent to which the responsibility for protection lies with the platform operator or the user should be clarified. In our study, we outline regulatory options to address these challenges.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Ambrus, I. (2021) Digitalizáció és büntetőjog (Digitalisation and Criminal Law. Digitalisation and digitalization). Budapest: Wolters Kluver.
Bartóki-Gönczi, B. (2018) A keresőmotorok és a szólásszabadság kapcsolata: Megközelítés ésszabályozási javaslatok az Európai Unióban és az Egyesült Államokban (The relationship between search engines and freedom of expression: approach and regulatory proposals in the European Union and the United States), Iustum Aequum Salutare, 14(1), p. 157-194.
Bayer, J. et al. (2021) The fight against disinformation and the right to freedom of expression (European Parliament).
Brenner, Susan W. (2010) Cybercrime - Criminal Threats From Cyberspace. Santa Barbara: CA, Praeger.
Britz, Marija T. (2013) Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime: An Introduction. London: Pearson.
Burton, J. (2019) Cyber-Attacks and Freedom of Expression: Coercion, Intimidation and Virtual Occupation, Baltic Journal of European Studies, 9(3), p. 16-133.
Caramancion, Kevin M. (2020) An Exploration of Disinformation as a Cybersecurity Threat, 3rd International Conference on Information and Computer Technologies (ICICT), p. 440-444.
Clough, J. (2015) Principles of cybercrime. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Daskal, J., Kennedy-Mayo, D. (2020) Budapest Convention: What is it and how is it Being Updated? Cross-Border Data Forum, 2 July 2020.
Fathy, N. (2018) Freedom of expression in the digital age: enhanced or undermined? The case of Egypt, Journal of Cyber Policy, 3(1), p. 96-115.
Garnett, Holly A. and James Toby S. (2020) Cyber Elections in the Digital Age: Threats and Opportunities of Technology for Electoral Integrity, Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy, 19(2), p. 111-126.
Gillespie, Alisdair A. (2019) Cybercrime - Key Issues and Debates. New York: Routledge.
Grabosky, P. (2016) Cybercrime. London: Oxford University Press.
Green, R. (2019) Counterfeit Campaign Speech, Hastings Law Journal, 70, p. 1445-1489.
Gyaraki, R. (2021) A közösségi média hatása a kiberbűncselekmények elkövetésére (The impact of social media on cybercrime), Magyar Rendészet, 2, p. 67-82.
Hall, Jamieson K. (2018) Cyberwar: How Russian Hackers and Trolls Helped Elect a President: What we Don't, Can't, and Do Know. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hoofnagle, C. (2018) Facebook in the Spotlight: Dataism vs. Personal Autonomy, Jurist - Academic Commentary, Apr. 20, 2018.
Howard, Philip N. (2018) Computational Propaganda: Political Parties, Politicians, and Political Manipulation on Social Media. New York: Oxford University Press.
Hu, M. (2020). Cambridge Analytica’s black box. Big Data & Society, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951720938091.
Jankowich, M. (2021) A man in Germany said he fell for a fake Elon Musk crypto scam that cost him $560,000, Business Insider.
Judge, Elizabeth F. and Korhani Amir M. (2021) A Moderate Proposal for a Digital Right of Reply for Election-Related Digital Replicas: Deepfakes, Disinformation, and Elections, in Cyber-Threats to Canadian Democracy, edited by Holly A. Garnett and M. Pal (Canada) p. 270-311.
Judge, Elizabeth F. and Korhani Amir M. (2020) Disinformation, Digital Information Equality, and Electoral Integrity, Election Law Journal, 19(2), p. 240-261.
Judge, Elizabeth F. and Pal, M. (2021) Voter Privacy in the Age of Big-Data Elections, Osgoode Hall Law Journal, 58(1), p. 1-56.
Klein, T. (2018) Az online diskurzusok egyes szabályozási kérdései (Search Engine Providers and Internet Freedom of Expression), in Koltay, A. and Nyakas, L. Tanulmányok a technológia- és cyberjog néhány aktuális kérdéséről (Studies on some current issues of technology and cyber law), edited by T. Klein. Budapest: Médiatudományi Intézet, p. 11-40.
Koltay, A. and Nyakas, L. (2018) Tanulmányok a technológia- és cyberjog néhány aktuális kérdéséről (Studies on some current issues of technology and cyber law), edited by T. Klein. Budapest: Médiatudományi Intézet.
Koltay, A. (2019) Az új média és a szólásszabadság. A nyilvánosság alkotmányosalapjainak újragondolása (The new media and the new constitutional foundations of the public sphere). Budapest: Wolters Kluwer.
Kovács, L. and Krasznay, Cs. (2017) „Mert övék a hatalom”: Az internet politikát (is) befolyásoló hatása a 2016-os amerikai elnökválasztás során (Nation and Security”: The influence of the Internet on politics (also) is the American one in 2016 during the presidential election), Nemzet és Biztonság: Biztonságpolitikai Szemle, 3, p. 3-15.
Larsen, Allison O. (2018) Constitutional Law in an Age of Alternative Facts, New York University Law Review, 93(2), p. 175-248.
Lund, J. (2012) Correcting Digital Speech, UCLA Entertainment Law Review, 19(1), p. 170-186.
Mania, K. (2020) The Legal Implications and Remedies Concerning Revenge Porn and Fake Porn: A Common Law Perspective, Sexuality & Culture, 24, p. 2079-2097.
Marcum, Catherine D. et al. (2021) Exploration of Prosecutor Experiences with Non-consensual Pornography, Deviant Behavior, 42(5), p. 646-658.
Matwyshyn, A. (2018) Cyber Harder, Boston University Journal of Science and Technology Law, 24, p. 450-500.
McGuire, M. (2019) Into the Web of Profit - Social Media Platforms and the Cybercrime Economy, Bromium-Web-of-Profit-Social-Platforms-Report.
Mezei, K. (2020) A kiberbűnözés aktuális kihívásai a büntetőjogban (Current challenges of cybercrime in criminal law). Budapest: L'Harmattan - TK JTI.
Moses, Lyria B. (2007) Recurring Dilemmas: The Law's Race to Keep Up with Technological Change, Journal of Law Technology & Policy, 2, p. 239-319.
Nagy, A. and Nagy, Z. (2009) Bűncselekmények számítógépes környezetben (Crimes in a computer environment). Budapest: Ad Librum.
Nojeim, Gregory T. (2010) Cybersecurity and Freedom on the Internet, Journal of National Security Law & Policy, 4, p. 119-137.
Parti, K. (2012) Harc az online illegális tartalom ellen (Fighting illegal content online), Okri, 4, p. 49-69.
Pavlova, P. (2020) Human-rights based approach to cybersecurity: addressing the security risks of targeted groups, Peace Human Rights Governance, 4(3), p. 391-418.
Péterfalvi, A. and Eszteri, D. (2017) A személyes adatok büntetőjogi védelme Magyarországon és a Nemzeti Adatvédelmi és Információszabadság Hatóság kapcsolódó gyakorlat (The criminal law protection of personal data in Hungary and the related practice of the National Authority for Data Protection and Freedom of Information), in Görög, M. et al. (eds.). Az Alaptörvény VI. cikkelyének érvényesülése a magyar jogrendszeren belül (VI of the Basic Law the validity of its article within the Hungarian legal system). Budapest: ELTE-ÁJK, p. 405-420.
Powell, A. and Nicola H. (2017) Sexual violence in a digital age. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Rubinstein, Ira S. (2014) Voter Privacy in the Age of Big Data, Wisconsin Law Review, 5, p. 861-936.
Sorbán, K. (2018) Vírusok és zombik a büntetőjogban. Az információs rendszer és adatok megsértésének büntető anyagi és eljárásjogi kérdései (Viruses and zombies in criminal law. Criminal substantive and procedural issues of information system and data breaches), In Medias Res, 2, p. 369-386.
Szathmáry, Z. (2012) Bűnözés az információs társadalomban – Alkotmányos büntetőjogi dilemmák az információs társadalomban (Crime in the Information Society - Constitutional Criminal Law Dilemmas in the Information Society), PhD thesis. Budapest: PTE ÁJK.
Szentgáli-Tóth, B. (2021) Vigyázó szemetek Párizsra vessétek – avagy pénzbírsággal, vagy anélkül a gyűlöletbeszéd ellen? (Keep your eyes on Paris - or against hate speech with or without fines?), Jogi Fórum Sajtó és Média Blog, June 2021.
Bartóki-Gönczi, B. (2018) A keresőmotorok és a szólásszabadság kapcsolata: Megközelítés ésszabályozási javaslatok az Európai Unióban és az Egyesült Államokban (The relationship between search engines and freedom of expression: approach and regulatory proposals in the European Union and the United States), Iustum Aequum Salutare, 14(1), p. 157-194.
Bayer, J. et al. (2021) The fight against disinformation and the right to freedom of expression (European Parliament).
Brenner, Susan W. (2010) Cybercrime - Criminal Threats From Cyberspace. Santa Barbara: CA, Praeger.
Britz, Marija T. (2013) Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime: An Introduction. London: Pearson.
Burton, J. (2019) Cyber-Attacks and Freedom of Expression: Coercion, Intimidation and Virtual Occupation, Baltic Journal of European Studies, 9(3), p. 16-133.
Caramancion, Kevin M. (2020) An Exploration of Disinformation as a Cybersecurity Threat, 3rd International Conference on Information and Computer Technologies (ICICT), p. 440-444.
Clough, J. (2015) Principles of cybercrime. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Daskal, J., Kennedy-Mayo, D. (2020) Budapest Convention: What is it and how is it Being Updated? Cross-Border Data Forum, 2 July 2020.
Fathy, N. (2018) Freedom of expression in the digital age: enhanced or undermined? The case of Egypt, Journal of Cyber Policy, 3(1), p. 96-115.
Garnett, Holly A. and James Toby S. (2020) Cyber Elections in the Digital Age: Threats and Opportunities of Technology for Electoral Integrity, Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy, 19(2), p. 111-126.
Gillespie, Alisdair A. (2019) Cybercrime - Key Issues and Debates. New York: Routledge.
Grabosky, P. (2016) Cybercrime. London: Oxford University Press.
Green, R. (2019) Counterfeit Campaign Speech, Hastings Law Journal, 70, p. 1445-1489.
Gyaraki, R. (2021) A közösségi média hatása a kiberbűncselekmények elkövetésére (The impact of social media on cybercrime), Magyar Rendészet, 2, p. 67-82.
Hall, Jamieson K. (2018) Cyberwar: How Russian Hackers and Trolls Helped Elect a President: What we Don't, Can't, and Do Know. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hoofnagle, C. (2018) Facebook in the Spotlight: Dataism vs. Personal Autonomy, Jurist - Academic Commentary, Apr. 20, 2018.
Howard, Philip N. (2018) Computational Propaganda: Political Parties, Politicians, and Political Manipulation on Social Media. New York: Oxford University Press.
Hu, M. (2020). Cambridge Analytica’s black box. Big Data & Society, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951720938091.
Jankowich, M. (2021) A man in Germany said he fell for a fake Elon Musk crypto scam that cost him $560,000, Business Insider.
Judge, Elizabeth F. and Korhani Amir M. (2021) A Moderate Proposal for a Digital Right of Reply for Election-Related Digital Replicas: Deepfakes, Disinformation, and Elections, in Cyber-Threats to Canadian Democracy, edited by Holly A. Garnett and M. Pal (Canada) p. 270-311.
Judge, Elizabeth F. and Korhani Amir M. (2020) Disinformation, Digital Information Equality, and Electoral Integrity, Election Law Journal, 19(2), p. 240-261.
Judge, Elizabeth F. and Pal, M. (2021) Voter Privacy in the Age of Big-Data Elections, Osgoode Hall Law Journal, 58(1), p. 1-56.
Klein, T. (2018) Az online diskurzusok egyes szabályozási kérdései (Search Engine Providers and Internet Freedom of Expression), in Koltay, A. and Nyakas, L. Tanulmányok a technológia- és cyberjog néhány aktuális kérdéséről (Studies on some current issues of technology and cyber law), edited by T. Klein. Budapest: Médiatudományi Intézet, p. 11-40.
Koltay, A. and Nyakas, L. (2018) Tanulmányok a technológia- és cyberjog néhány aktuális kérdéséről (Studies on some current issues of technology and cyber law), edited by T. Klein. Budapest: Médiatudományi Intézet.
Koltay, A. (2019) Az új média és a szólásszabadság. A nyilvánosság alkotmányosalapjainak újragondolása (The new media and the new constitutional foundations of the public sphere). Budapest: Wolters Kluwer.
Kovács, L. and Krasznay, Cs. (2017) „Mert övék a hatalom”: Az internet politikát (is) befolyásoló hatása a 2016-os amerikai elnökválasztás során (Nation and Security”: The influence of the Internet on politics (also) is the American one in 2016 during the presidential election), Nemzet és Biztonság: Biztonságpolitikai Szemle, 3, p. 3-15.
Larsen, Allison O. (2018) Constitutional Law in an Age of Alternative Facts, New York University Law Review, 93(2), p. 175-248.
Lund, J. (2012) Correcting Digital Speech, UCLA Entertainment Law Review, 19(1), p. 170-186.
Mania, K. (2020) The Legal Implications and Remedies Concerning Revenge Porn and Fake Porn: A Common Law Perspective, Sexuality & Culture, 24, p. 2079-2097.
Marcum, Catherine D. et al. (2021) Exploration of Prosecutor Experiences with Non-consensual Pornography, Deviant Behavior, 42(5), p. 646-658.
Matwyshyn, A. (2018) Cyber Harder, Boston University Journal of Science and Technology Law, 24, p. 450-500.
McGuire, M. (2019) Into the Web of Profit - Social Media Platforms and the Cybercrime Economy, Bromium-Web-of-Profit-Social-Platforms-Report.
Mezei, K. (2020) A kiberbűnözés aktuális kihívásai a büntetőjogban (Current challenges of cybercrime in criminal law). Budapest: L'Harmattan - TK JTI.
Moses, Lyria B. (2007) Recurring Dilemmas: The Law's Race to Keep Up with Technological Change, Journal of Law Technology & Policy, 2, p. 239-319.
Nagy, A. and Nagy, Z. (2009) Bűncselekmények számítógépes környezetben (Crimes in a computer environment). Budapest: Ad Librum.
Nojeim, Gregory T. (2010) Cybersecurity and Freedom on the Internet, Journal of National Security Law & Policy, 4, p. 119-137.
Parti, K. (2012) Harc az online illegális tartalom ellen (Fighting illegal content online), Okri, 4, p. 49-69.
Pavlova, P. (2020) Human-rights based approach to cybersecurity: addressing the security risks of targeted groups, Peace Human Rights Governance, 4(3), p. 391-418.
Péterfalvi, A. and Eszteri, D. (2017) A személyes adatok büntetőjogi védelme Magyarországon és a Nemzeti Adatvédelmi és Információszabadság Hatóság kapcsolódó gyakorlat (The criminal law protection of personal data in Hungary and the related practice of the National Authority for Data Protection and Freedom of Information), in Görög, M. et al. (eds.). Az Alaptörvény VI. cikkelyének érvényesülése a magyar jogrendszeren belül (VI of the Basic Law the validity of its article within the Hungarian legal system). Budapest: ELTE-ÁJK, p. 405-420.
Powell, A. and Nicola H. (2017) Sexual violence in a digital age. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Rubinstein, Ira S. (2014) Voter Privacy in the Age of Big Data, Wisconsin Law Review, 5, p. 861-936.
Sorbán, K. (2018) Vírusok és zombik a büntetőjogban. Az információs rendszer és adatok megsértésének büntető anyagi és eljárásjogi kérdései (Viruses and zombies in criminal law. Criminal substantive and procedural issues of information system and data breaches), In Medias Res, 2, p. 369-386.
Szathmáry, Z. (2012) Bűnözés az információs társadalomban – Alkotmányos büntetőjogi dilemmák az információs társadalomban (Crime in the Information Society - Constitutional Criminal Law Dilemmas in the Information Society), PhD thesis. Budapest: PTE ÁJK.
Szentgáli-Tóth, B. (2021) Vigyázó szemetek Párizsra vessétek – avagy pénzbírsággal, vagy anélkül a gyűlöletbeszéd ellen? (Keep your eyes on Paris - or against hate speech with or without fines?), Jogi Fórum Sajtó és Média Blog, June 2021.
Published
2023-06-29
How to Cite
Mezei K., & Szentgáli-Tóth B. (2023). Some Comments on the Legal Regulation on Misinformation and Cyber Attacks Conducted Through Online Platforms . LeXonomica, 15(1), 33-52. https://doi.org/10.18690/lexonomica.15.1.33-52.2023
Section
Articles