Best Available Techniques Principle: International Treaties and Drafting in National Legislation
Keywords:
best available techniques, best available technology, legislative drafting, sustainable development, environmental law
Abstract
Best available techniques (BAT) is a legal principle with origins in public international law. Through the activities of drafters at national levels, it finds its various expressions in the legal systems of individual states. This article will analyse the possible approaches to including the BAT principle in national legislation and the general guidelines that drafters should follow to achieve the desired effectiveness of legislation. International treaties are to be understood as partial drafting instructions. A case study will be made for the Slovenian legal system, where the expression of the BAT principle within the Slovenian national regulatory framework will be critically evaluated.
Povzetek. Najboljše razpoložljive tehnologije (BAT) so pravno načelo, ki izvira iz mednarodnega javnega prava. Z dejavnostmi pripravljavcev zakonodaje na nacionalnih ravneh je dobilo različne izraze v pravnih sistemih posameznih držav. V tem članku bodo analizirani možni pristopi k vključitvi načela BAT v nacionalno zakonodajo in splošne smernice, ki bi jih morali upoštevati pripravljavci zakonodaje, da bi dosegli želeno učinkovitost zakonodaje. Mednarodne pogodbe je treba razumeti kot delna navodila za pripravo besedil. Izdelana bo študija primera slovenskega pravnega sistema, kjer bo kritično ovrednoteno izražanje načela BAT v slovenskem nacionalnem zakonodajnem okviru.
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References
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Prakken, H., Giovanni S. (2015) Law and logic: A review from an argumentation perspective, Artificial Intelligence, 227, p. 214-245.
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Roslyakov, P.V., Cherkasskii, E.V., Guseva, T.V., et al. (2021). Process-Related Standardization of Thermal Electric Power Facilities: The Best Available Techniques and General Binding Rules, Thermal Engineering, 68, p. 735-742.
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Thorén, H., Soininen, N., Kotamäki, N. (2021) Scientific models in legal judgements: The relationship between law and environmental science as problem-feeding, Environmental Science & Policy, 124, p. 478-484.
Tomažič, Luka M. (2018) Trajnostni razvoj in slovensko pravo energetike, Pravnik: revija za pravno teorijo in prakso, 73(9/10), p. 665-683.
Uhan, J., Dobnikar Tehovnik, M., Pavlič, U. (2010) Ocena stanja voda za obdobje 2006-2008 po določilih okvirne direktive o vodah (Ljubljana: Ministrstvo za okolje in prostor Republike Slovenije, Agencija RS za okolje).
Valauri, John T. (2011) Dialectical Jurisprudence: Aristotle and the Concept of Law, Drexel Law Review, 3(2), p. 415-456.
Vázquez C., Victor L., Giner-Santonja, G., Alonso-Fariñas, B., Morillo Aguado, J. (2021) The effect of the European Industrial Emissions Directive on the air emission limit values set by competent authorities in the permitting procedure: The case of the Spanish cement industry, Science of The Total Environment, 773, p. 145491.
Xanthaki, H. (2010) Drafting Manuals and Quality in Legislation: Positive Contribution towards Certainty in the Law or Impediment to the Necessity for Dynamism of Rules?, Legisprudence, 4(2), p. 111-128.
Xanthaki, H. (2013) Thornton's Legislative Drafting, 5th edition (London: Bloomsbury).
Xanthaki, H. (2014) Drafting Legislation: Art and Technology of Rules for Regulation (Oxford and Portland: Hart Publishing).
Weingerl P., and Tratnik, M. (2019) Citizenship by Investment Programs from the Perspective of International and EU Law, LeXonomica, 11(2), p. 95-126.
Wen, Zongguo, Fanxin Meng, Jinghan Di, Qilu Tan (2016) Technological approaches and policy analysis of integrated water pollution prevention and control for the coal-to-methanol industry based on Best Available Technology, Journal of Cleaner Production, 113, p. 231-240.
Baldwin, R. (2019) Globalisation 1.0 and 2.0 helped the G7. Globalisation 3.0 helped India and China instead. What will Globalisation 4.0 do?, VoxEU.
Bar, M. (2018) Scientific Knowledge in Environmental Litigation before Polish Administrative Courts: a Problem of Compliance with EU Law?, European Energy and Environmental Law Review, 27(4), p. 169-174.
Bennion, Francis A. R., and Jones, O. (2013) Bennion on statutory interpretation. 6th Edition (London: LexisNexis).
Bentham, J. (2000) An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (Kitchener: Bartoche Books).
Bongiovanni, G. et al. (eds.). Handbook of Legal Reasoning and Argumentation (Berlin: Springer).
Byrne, A. (2015) The 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution: Assessing Its Effectiveness as a Multilateral Environmental Regime after 35 Years, Transnational Environmental Law, 4(1), p. 37-67.
D'Amato, A. (1991) International Law, Intertemporal Problems. In: Encyclopedia of Public International Law, book 9, International Relations and Legal Cooperation in General Diplomacy and Consular Relations, edited by Rudolf Bernhardt, 191-192 (Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers).
Dellise, M., Villot, J., Gaucher, R., Amardeil, A., Laforest, V. (2020) Challenges in assessing Best Available Techniques (BATs) compliance in the absence of industrial sectoral reference, Journal of Cleaner Production, 263, p. 121474.
Drenik, S. (2013) Mednarodne pogodbe v pravnem redu Republike Slovenije. In Pravo mednarodnih pogodb, edited by Ana Polak Petrič et al., p. 33-104 (Ljubljana: Založba FDV/Ministrstvo za zunanje zadeve).
Evrard, Damien, Laforest, V., Villot, J., Gaucher, R. (2016) Best Available Techniques as a Sustainability Tool in Manufacturing: Case Study in the Dairy Sector, Procedia CIRP, 48, p. 520-525.
Fletcher, George P. (1996) Basic Concepts of Legal Thought (New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Friedman, Thomas L. (2005) The world is flat: A brief history of the twenty-first century (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux).
Giljam, Renske A. (2019) Towards ecological governance in EU energy law: with a focus on biomass regulation and the use of 'best available techniques (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen).
Gahee, K., Phil-Goo Kang, Eunseok K., and Kyungae S. (2022) Application of Best Available Techniques to Remove Air and Water Pollutants from Textile Dyeing and Finishing in South Korea, Sustainability, 14(4), p. 2209.
Georgopoulos, T. (2003) Le Droit Intertemporel et les Dispositions Conventionelles Evolutives – Quelle Therapie contre la Vieillesse des Traites?, RGDIP 108, p. 123-148.
Hage, J. (2008) Preface. In: Peczenik, A., On law and reason (Dordrecht: Springer).
Hussain, A., Perwez, U., Ullah, K., Chul-Hwan Kim, Asghar, N. (2021) Long-term scenario pathways to assess the potential of best available technologies and cost reduction of avoided carbon emissions in an existing 100% renewable regional power system: A case study of Gilgit-Baltistan (GB), Pakistan, Energy, 221, p. 119855.
Kinsley, J. (2019) Secondary Legislation, University of Cincinnati Law Review, 88, p.101-128.
Knez, R. (2017) Legal aspects of health implications caused by environmental distress, Medicine, Law & Society, 10(1) p. 33-51.
Krzyk M. and Drev, D. (2021) Incompatibility of Slovenian Regulations in the Field of Water Management with European Regulations and Resulting Damage, LeXonomica, 13(2), p.167-186.
Lincoln IV, Charles Edward A. (2017) Hegelian Dialectical Analysis of U.S. Voting Laws, University of Daytona Law Review, 42, p. 87-117.
Mann, Francis A. (1946) The Interpretation of Uniform Statutes, Law Quarterly Review, 62, p. 278-291.
Merkouris, P. (2012) The Principle of Sustainable Development and Best Available Technology under International Law." In Environmental and Energy Law, edited by Karen Makuch and Ricardo Pereira, p. 37-60 (Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell).
Montini, M. (2008) Sustainable Development Within the Climate Change Regime. In Sustainable Development in International and National Law, edited by H. C. Bugge and C. Voigt, p. 523-543 (Groningen: Europa Law Publishing).
Murphy, B., McGee, J. (2015) Phronetic legal inquiry An effective design for law and society research? Griffith Law Review, 24(2), p. 288-313.
Olaj, A. (2013) Neposredna uporaba splošno veljavnih načel mednarodnega prava v pravnem redu Republike Slovenije, Mednarodna revija za javno upravo, 51(3/4 ), p. 123-159.
Paust, Jordan J. (2013) Basic Forms of International Law and Monist, Dualist, and Realist Perspectives. In Basic Concepts of Public International Law – Monism & Dualism, edited by Marko Novakovic, p. 244-265 (Belgrade: Faculty of Law, University of Belgrade).
Peat, D. (2019) Comparative Reasoning in International Courts and Tribunals (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Peterson, Jordan C. (2018) All Their Eggs in One Basket? Ideological Congruence in Congress and the Bicameral Origins of Concentrated Delegation to the Bureaucracy. Laws, 7(2), p. 19.
Phelan, P., Reynolds, P. (2002) Argument and evidence: Critical analysis for the social sciences (London & New York, Routledge).
Prakken, H., Giovanni S. (2015) Law and logic: A review from an argumentation perspective, Artificial Intelligence, 227, p. 214-245.
Revell, Donald L. (2011) Enhancing the legislative process: The value of the legislative drafter. Statute Law Review, 32(2), p. 149-160.
Roslyakov, P.V., Cherkasskii, E.V., Guseva, T.V., et al. (2021). Process-Related Standardization of Thermal Electric Power Facilities: The Best Available Techniques and General Binding Rules, Thermal Engineering, 68, p. 735-742.
Rudolf, W. (1987). Incorporation of Customary International Law into Municipal Law. In Proceedings of the German-Soviet Colloquy on International Law at the Institut für Internationales Recht an der Universität Kiel, edited by G. I. Tunkin and R. Wolfrum (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot).
Sands, P., and Peel, J. (2012) Principles of International Environmental Law, 3rd edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Stefanou, C. (2008) Drafters, Drafting and the Policy Process. In Drafting Legislation: A Modern Approach, edited by H. Xanthaki and C. Stefanou, p. 321-333 (Burlington: Ashgate Publishing).
Tanaka, Y. (2013) Reflections on Time Elements in the International Law of the Environment.Heidelberg journal of international law, 73(2), p. 139-175.
Telenga-Kopyczyńska, J. and Jonek-Kowalska, I. (2021) Algorithm for Selecting Best Available Techniques in Polish Coking Plants Supporting Multi-Criteria Investment Decisions in European Environmental Conditions, Energies, 14(9), p. 2631.
Thorén, H., Soininen, N., Kotamäki, N. (2021) Scientific models in legal judgements: The relationship between law and environmental science as problem-feeding, Environmental Science & Policy, 124, p. 478-484.
Tomažič, Luka M. (2018) Trajnostni razvoj in slovensko pravo energetike, Pravnik: revija za pravno teorijo in prakso, 73(9/10), p. 665-683.
Uhan, J., Dobnikar Tehovnik, M., Pavlič, U. (2010) Ocena stanja voda za obdobje 2006-2008 po določilih okvirne direktive o vodah (Ljubljana: Ministrstvo za okolje in prostor Republike Slovenije, Agencija RS za okolje).
Valauri, John T. (2011) Dialectical Jurisprudence: Aristotle and the Concept of Law, Drexel Law Review, 3(2), p. 415-456.
Vázquez C., Victor L., Giner-Santonja, G., Alonso-Fariñas, B., Morillo Aguado, J. (2021) The effect of the European Industrial Emissions Directive on the air emission limit values set by competent authorities in the permitting procedure: The case of the Spanish cement industry, Science of The Total Environment, 773, p. 145491.
Xanthaki, H. (2010) Drafting Manuals and Quality in Legislation: Positive Contribution towards Certainty in the Law or Impediment to the Necessity for Dynamism of Rules?, Legisprudence, 4(2), p. 111-128.
Xanthaki, H. (2013) Thornton's Legislative Drafting, 5th edition (London: Bloomsbury).
Xanthaki, H. (2014) Drafting Legislation: Art and Technology of Rules for Regulation (Oxford and Portland: Hart Publishing).
Weingerl P., and Tratnik, M. (2019) Citizenship by Investment Programs from the Perspective of International and EU Law, LeXonomica, 11(2), p. 95-126.
Wen, Zongguo, Fanxin Meng, Jinghan Di, Qilu Tan (2016) Technological approaches and policy analysis of integrated water pollution prevention and control for the coal-to-methanol industry based on Best Available Technology, Journal of Cleaner Production, 113, p. 231-240.
Published
2022-12-01
How to Cite
Tomažič L. M. (2022). Best Available Techniques Principle: International Treaties and Drafting in National Legislation. LeXonomica, 14(2), 153-172. https://doi.org/10.18690/lexonomica.14.2.153-172.2022
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