Vpliv rudarjenja zlata v majhnem obsegu na rudarje in lokalne skupnosti v pol-sušni regiji Etiopije
Povzetek
Severno etiopsko višavje je tradicionalno znano po rudarjenju zlata, ki je bilo način preživljanja podeželske skupnosti. Namen pričujočega dela je bil raziskati socialno-ekonomske razmere zlatokopov, načine pridobivanja zlata, njihov zaslužek in negativne posledice pridobivanja zlata. Na podlagi naključnega vzorčenja je bilo anketiranih 140 rudarjev. Poleg tega so bili z vodji skupin opravljeni pogovori v fokusnih skupinah, transektni sprehodi in praktična opazovanja po rudarskih krajih o različnih vprašanjih rudarjenja zlata in njegovih posledicah. Opisna statistika je bila uporabljena za izračun socialno-ekonomskih značilnosti, pridobivanja zlata in dinamike prihodkov. Izvedena je bila ANOVA za opazovanje sprememb dohodka iz pridobivanja zlata in drugih virov v obdobju od leta 2009 do leta 2012. Pozitivni učinki pridobivanja zlata za vključene ljudi so se nanašali na dohodek, zaposlitev, izdatke za izobraževanje, zdravje in porabo hrane. Po drugi strani pa so bili izzivi, povezani z malim obsegom pridobivanja zlata, konfliktni interesi, nalezljive bolezni, agresivno delo otrok, opustitev šolanja, socialne motnje in poškodbe. Ugotovitve poudarjajo, da ima dohodek, ustvarjen z drobnim pridobivanjem zlata, ključno vlogo pri zmanjševanju revščine na podeželju. Zato lahko z zagotavljanjem celostnega usposabljanja za zlatokope ublažimo izzive malega obsega pri pridobivanju zlata in s tem izboljšamo preživetje malih zlatokopov v Etiopiji.
Prenosi
Literatura
Ali, M .2012: Socio-Economic Analysis of Homeless Population in Urban Areas: A Case Study of Ethiopia. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 2, 1-8.
Amunkete, J. 2009: Small-Scale Mining and Its Impact on Poverty In Namibia: A Case Study Of Miners In The Erongo Region. Namibia.
Andrea, S .2003: Report on Field Research into the Socio-Economic and Social Impact of Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining in Peru. The Socio-Economic Impacts of Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining in Developing Countries. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203971284
Asiedu J. 2013: Technical Report on Reclamation of Small Scale Surface Mined Lands in Ghana: A Landscape Perspective. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 1, 28-33. 10.12691/env-1-2-3
Benjamin NA. Aryee , B. K. N., Evans, A. 2002: Trends in the small-scale mining of precious minerals in Ghana: a perspective on its environmental impact Journal of Cleaner Production, 11, 131–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-6526(02)00043-4
Bury, J .2004: Livelihoods in transition: transnational gold mining operations and local change in Cajamarca, Peru. The Geographical Journal, 170, 78-91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0016-7398.2004.05042.x
Crispin K. & Munyindei, M: 2003. The Socio-Economic Impacts of Small-Scale Mining. The Socio-Economic Impacts of Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining in Developing Countries. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203971284
Dwomoh, E.2012: The Impact of Illegal Mining on the Ghanaian Youth: Evidence From Kwaebibirem District In Ghana. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, 2.
Gajigo, O. M., Emelly; Ndiaye, Guirane. 2012: Gold Mining in Africa: Maximizing Economic Returns for Countries.Working Paper Series No. 147, African Development Bank , Tunis, Tunisia.
Hilson, G .2002: An overview of land use conflicts in mining communities. Land Use Policy, 19, 65-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-8377(01)00043-6
Hilson G., Amankwah R. & Ofori-Sarpong, G. 2013: Going for gold: transitional livelihoods in Northern Ghana. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 51, 109-137. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X12000560
Kuntala L .2003: Not a Small Job. The Socio-Economic Impacts of Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining in Developing Countries. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203971284
LU, J .2013: Occupational Health and Safety in Small Scale Mining: Focus on Women Workers in the Philippines. Journal of International Women's Studies, 13, 103-113.
Malpeli K. & Chirico, P .2013: The influence of geomorphology on the role of women at artisanal and small‐scale mine sites. Natural Resources Forum. Wiley Online Library, 12, 43-54. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.12009
Meisanti M, Jusoff K., Salman D., & Rukmana, D. 2012: The Impacts of Gold Mining on the Farmer’s Community. American-Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 6, 209-214.
Michael, R .2003: Violent Mining Conflicts and Diamond Wars. The Socio-Economic Impacts of Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining in Developing Countries. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203971284
MoM (Minstry of Mining). 2009: National Report on Mining, Ethiopia. New York: The United Nation Comission On Sustainable Development.
MoM .2012: Report on Artisanal Mining Activities in Ethiopia: Challenges & Opportunities. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Nascimento, F.L., Boëchat IG., Teixeira AO. & Gücker, B 2012: High Variability in Sediment Characteristics of a Neotropical Stream. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 223, 389-398. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-011-0866-x
Saldarriaga-Isaza A., Villegas-Palacio C. & Arango, S . 2013: The public good dilemma of a non-renewable common resource: A look at the facts of artisanal gold mining. Resources Policy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2013.02.001
Schlüter, T. 2006: Geological Atlas of Africa: With Notes on Stratigraphy, Tectonics, Economic Geology, Geohazards and Geosites of Each Country, 98-102. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-29145-8
Stephens, K. 2003: Key Issues in Illegal Mining and Marketing in the Small-Scale Mining Industry. The Socio-Economic Impacts of Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining in Developing Countries. Taylor & Francis.
Tieguhong, V. 2009: Impacts of Artisanal Gold and Diamond Mining on Livelihoods and The Environment in the Sangha Tri-National Park landscape. Bongor. Indonosia. Center for International Forestry Research.
Yirga G., Koru B., Kidane D., Mebrahatu, A .2012: Assessment of Beekeeping Practices in Asgede Tsimbla District, Northern Ethiopia. African Journal of Agricultural Research 7, 1-5.
Young, J .1999: Along Ethiopia's Western Frontier: Gambella and Benishangul in Transition. The Journal of Modern African Studies 37, 321 346. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X9900302X
Copyright (c) 2015 Hailemariam Meaza, Mushir Ali, Solomon Hishe, Zbelo Tesfamariam
To delo je licencirano pod Creative Commons Priznanje avtorstva 4.0 mednarodno licenco.