Readiness for Virtual Reality Implementation in Education across South Bohemia and Upper Austria
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18690/Keywords:
Virtual Reality, Technol-ogy Integration, Teacher Training, Cross-Border Study.Abstract
This study examines the readiness of schools in South Bohemia and Upper Austria to integrate virtual reality into teaching. Drawing on structured interviews with representatives from sixty-six schools, we analyse institutional attitudes, equipment levels, organisational models, and perceived barriers. The results reveal significant regional differences in adoption (64% AT vs 13.6% CZ), with distinct procurement strategies: bulk “classroom sets” versus project-based approaches with specialised equipment. Three readiness profiles reflect experience, motivation, and implementation capacity. The findings are situated within the TPACK, SAMR, and TAM frameworks. The results lead to recommendations, including methodological support, systematic teacher training, and sustainable funding.
Downloads
References
Al-Ansi, A. M., Jaboob, M., Garad, A., & Al-Ansi, A. (2023). Analysing the recent developments in augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) in education. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 8(1), 100532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2023.100532
AlGerafi, M. A. M., Zhou, Y., Oubibi, M., & Wijaya, T. T. (2023). Unlocking the potential: A com-prehensive evaluation of augmented reality and virtual reality in education. Electronics, 12(18), 3953. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12183953
Allcoat, D., & von Mühlenen, A. (2018). Learning in virtual reality: Effects on performance, emotion and engagement. Research in Learning Technology, 26, 2140. https://doi.org/10.25304/rlt.v–26.2140
Baran, E., & Uygun, E. (2016). Putting technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge (TPACK) in action: An integrated TPACK-design-based learning (DBL) approach. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 32(2), 47–63. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.2551
Belda-Medina, J., & Calvo-Ferrer, J. R. (2022). Integrating augmented reality in language learning: Pre-service teachers' digital competence and attitudes through the TPACK framework. Edu-cation and Information Technologies, 27(9), 12123–12146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11123-3
Cao, S., Chu, J., Zhang, Z., & Liu, L. (2024). The effectiveness of VR environment on primary and secondary school students' learning performance in science courses. Interactive Learning Envi-ronments, 32(10), 7321–7337. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2024.2312921
Cheung, G., Wan, K., & Chan, K. (2018). Efficient use of clickers: A mixed-method inquiry with university teachers. Education Sciences, 8(1), 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci8010031
Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft und Forschung. (n.d.). Digi.komp: Unverzichtbar! di-gi.komp. Retrieved July 15, 2026, from https://digikomp.at/die-initiative/digikomp-unverzichtbar
Dobi Barišić, K., & Brust Nemet, M. (2023). The impact of the teacher education study program on the development of TPACK. Revija za Elementarno Izobraževanje, 16(1), 80–92. https://doi.o–rg/10.18690/rei.16.1.2064
Drakopoulos, V., & Sioulas, P.-V. (2021). Enhancing primary school teaching through virtual reality. Journal of Computer Science Research, 3(2), 11–18. https://doi.org/10.30564/jcsr.v3i2.2777
Drugova, E., Zhuravleva, I., Aiusheeva, M., & Grits, D. (2021). Toward a model of learning innova-tion integration: TPACK-SAMR based analysis of the introduction of a digital learning en-vironment in three Russian universities. Education and Information Technologies, 26(4), 4925–4942. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10514-2
Herwin, H., Shabir, A., & Asriadi, A. (2022). Learning management system based on virtual reality technology in elementary school. World Journal on Educational Technology: Current Issues, 14(5), 1506–1517. https://doi.org/10.18844/wjet.v14i5.7922
Kavanagh, S., Luxton-Reilly, A., Wuensche, B., & Plimmer, B. (2017). A systematic review of virtual reality in education. Themes in Science and Technology Education, 10(2), 85–119.
Kenedi, A. (2023). The effect of using virtual reality media on the geometric skills of elementary school students. JPI (Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia), 12(3), 427–435. https://doi.org/10.23887/jp–iundiksha.v12i3.60735
Krishnan, V., & Lazo, L. (2022). Investigating the application of virtual reality in education sector. Technoarete Transactions on Internet of Things and Cloud Computing Research, 2(1), Article 005. https://doi.org/10.36647/ttitccr/02.01.art005
Lemut Bajec, M. (2023). The role of formal and non-formal education in the development of techno-logical literacy: The case of aeromodelling club. Revija za Elementarno Izobraževanje, 16(3), 321–338. https://doi.org/10.18690/rei.16.3.2711
Lie, S., Røykenes, K., Sæheim, A., & Groven, K. (2023). Developing a virtual reality educational tool to stimulate emotions for learning: Focus group study. JMIR Formative Research, 7, e41829. https://doi.org/10.2196/41829
Lindlof, T. R., & Taylor, B. C. (2002). Qualitative communication research methods (2nd ed.). Sage.
Meccawy, M. (2023). Teachers' prospective attitudes towards the adoption of extended reality technol-ogies in the classroom: Interests and concerns. Smart Learning Environments, 10, Article 36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-023-00256-8
Mohebi, L. (2021). Theoretical models of integration of interactive learning technologies into teaching: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Re-search, 20(12), 232–254. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.20.12.14
Neuendorf, K. A. (2017). The content analysis guidebook (2nd ed.). Sage.
Pappa, C. I., Georgiou, D., & Pittich, D. (2024). Technology education in primary schools: Address-ing teachers' perceptions, perceived barriers, and needs. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 34, 485–503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-023-09828-8
Pinto, D., Peixoto, B., Melo, M., Cabral, L., & Bessa, M. (2021). Foreign language learning gamifica-tion using virtual reality: A systematic review of empirical research. Education Sciences, 11(5), 222. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11050222
Qiu, X., López-Ozieblo, R., & Yao, X. (2025). ELT student teachers' acceptance and knowledge base of integrating virtual reality into task-based contexts. RELC Journal, 56(3), 673–692. https:/–/doi.org/10.1177/00336882241292088
Schwaiger, M. (2021). Europe needs to integrate immersive learning quickly at all education levels—but how? What to learn from 25 EU projects in this field. Revija za Elementarno Izobraževanje, 14(Special Issue), 63–85. https://doi.org/10.18690/rei.14.Spec.Iss.63-85.2021
Sulistiani, I., Setyosari, P., Sa’dijah, C., & Praherdhiono, H. (2023). Technology integration through acceptance of e-learning among preservice teachers. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 31(3), 1821–1828. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v31.i3.pp1821–1828
Tunjera, N., & Chigona, A. (2020). Teacher educators' appropriation of TPACK-SAMR models for 21st century pre-service teacher preparation. International Journal of Information and Communi-cation Technology Education, 16(3), 126–140. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijicte.202007–0110
Voogt, J., Fisser, P., Pareja Roblin, N., Tondeur, J., & van Braak, J. (2013). Technological pedagogi-cal content knowledge: A review of the literature. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 29(2), 109–121. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2729.2012.00487.x
Downloads
Published
Data Availability Statement
The article is based on data fully presented and discussed within the article itself; therefore, no additional data archiving is required.Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Vojtěch Blažek, Petra Karvánková

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.