The Problem of Downward Causation in the Context of Complex Systems Theory

Abstract

The article is concerned with the problem of higher-level causal influence of a system upon its constituents, mainly in the context of emergentism and complex systems theory. The concept of genuinely new downward causal powers is – as pointed out by Jaegwon Kim – problematic from the viewpoint of modern science. Three different conceptualizations of downward causal relations and the application of formal downward causation, as defined by the notion of “constraining conditions”, in the field of complex biological systems, are discussed. Downward causation in the context of complex systems theory can therefore be understood as contextual constraining within the system's organization, whereby the higher levels coordinate possible interactions between the system's constituents – and, as such, can be said to represent a scientifically valid and promising research venue. In the conclusion, shortcomings of the above conceptualization of causality are highlighted and future challenges presented.