Analysis of Workers’ Perception and Demographic Factors - An Insight Into the Slovenian Gig Economy

  • Matevž Antloga
  • Ivona Huđek
Keywords: Gig economy, Flexibility, Professional development, Social benefits, Demographic disparities

Abstract

This study examines the gig economy in Slovenia, with a particular emphasis on the perceived benefits and challenges for gig workers within this emerging labour model. The research aims to capture the implications of flexible, project-based employment in a smaller European context, as this trend becomes increasingly prevalent globally. A quantitative approach was employed to survey 34 gig workers in Slovenia. The survey analysed their demographic characteristics, reasons for engaging in gig work, and the benefits and challenges they experience. In the findings, 64% of respondents specifically identified schedule flexibility as a predominant benefit of gig work. However, it also uncovers substantial challenges, including increased market competition and a lack of social benefits. Moreover, the research suggests that perceptions of the gig work benefits are widely acknowledged across various age groups and educational levels, with no significant variation. Nevertheless, the findings indicate a gender disparity in gig work perceptions, with males perceiving higher levels of financial freedom and professional development than women. This research suggests the need for policies aimed at ensuring equity and further research into harmonizing gig work with supportive labour market policies.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Balakrishnan, J. (2022). Building capabilities for future of work in the gig economy. NHRD Network Journal, 15(1), 56-70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/26314541211064726

Barnes, S. A., Green, A., & De Hoyos, M. (2015). Crowdsourcing and work: individual factors and circumstances influencing employability. New Technology, Work and Employment, 30(1), 16–31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12043

Berg, J., Furrer, M., Harmon, E., Rani, U., & Silberman, M. S. (2018). Digital labour platforms and the future of work. Towards Decent Work in the Online World. Geneva: ILO.

Bestinfohub (2023). The Future of Work: Adapting to the Gig Economy. Retrieved from https://www.bestinfohub.com/the-future-of-work-adapting-to-the-gig-economy

Biasi, M. (2018). Book review: Humans as a Service. The Promise and Perils of Work in the Gig Economy. European Journal of Social Security, 20(4), 379–383. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1388262718819586

Bobbitt, Z., (2021). The Minimum Sample Size for a t-test: Explanation & Example. Retrieved from https://www.statology.org/minimum-sample-size-for-t-test/

Bögenhold, D., & Klinglmair, A. (2016). Independent work, modern organizations and entrepreneurial labor: Diversity and hybridity of freelancers and self-employment. Journal of Management & Organization, 22(6). DOI: https://doi.org/843–858. 10.1017/jmo.2016.29

Burke, A., & Cowling, M. (2015). The use and value of freelancers: The perspective of managers. International Review of Entrepreneurship, 13(1), 7–20.

Churchill, B., & Craig, L. (2019). Gender in the gig economy: Men and women using digital platforms to secure work in Australia. Journal of Sociology, 55(4), 741–761. DOI: https://doi.org/741–761. 10.1177/1440783319894060

Denis, D. J. (2021). Applied univariate, bivariate, and multivariate statistics: Understanding statistics for social and natural scientists, with applications in SPSS and R. John Wiley & Sons.

De Stefano, V. (2015). The rise of the just-in-time workforce: On-demand work, crowdwork, and labor protection in the gig-economy. Comp. Lab. L. & Pol'y J., 37, 471.

Department, S. R. (30. September 2022). Projected gross volume of the gig economy from 2018 to 2023. Retrieved from: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1034564/gig-economy-projected-gross-volume/#main-content

Dettlaff, A. (2023). Professional Activation of Women and Flexible Forms of Employment, as Exemplified by Gig Economy. WSB Journal of Business and Finance, 57(1), 12–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/wsbjbf-2023-0002

Duggan, J., Sherman, U., Carbery, R., & McDonnell, A. (2022). Boundaryless careers and algorithmic constraints in the gig economy. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 33(22), 4468–4498. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2021.1953565

European Commission (2021). Commission proposals to improve the working conditions of people working through digital labour platforms. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_21_6605

Farrell, D., & Greig, F. (2016). Paychecks, paydays, and the online platform economy. In Proceedings. Annual Conference on Taxation and Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the National Tax Association (Vol. 109, pp. 1-40). National Tax Association.

Florisson, R., & Mandl, I. (2018). Platform work: Types and implications for work and employment-Literature review. Eurofound.

Forbes, S., Birkett, H., Evans, L., Chung, H., & Whiteman, J. (2020). Managing employees during the COVID-19 pandemic: flexible working and the future of work. University of Birmingham. https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/Documents/college-social-sciences/business/research/responsible-business/managerial-experiences-during-covid19-2020-accessible.pdf

Gómez-Rey, P., Fernández-Navarro, F., & Vázquez-De Francisco, M. J. (2021). Identifying key variables on the way to wellbeing in the transition from face-to-face to online higher education due to COVID-19: Evidence from the Q-Sort technique. Sustainability, 13(11). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116112

Graham, M., Hjorth, I., & Lehdonvirta, V. (2017). Digital labour and development: impacts of global digital labour platforms and the gig economy on worker livelihoods. Transfer: European review of labour and research, 23(2), 135–162. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1024258916687250

Hauben, H., Lenaerts, K., & Waeyaert, W. (2020). Platform economy and precarious work: Mitigating risks. Platform economy and precarious work: Mitigating risks (Briefing). Luxembourg: European Parliament.

Heeks, R. (2017). Decent work and the digital gig economy: a developing country perspective on employment impacts and standards in online outsourcing, crowdwork, etc. Development Informatics Working Paper, (71).

Helling, B. (2023). 25+ Best Gig Jobs For 2023: Ranked & Reviewed. Retrieved from Gigworker.com: https://gigworker.com/best-gig-jobs/

Henley, A., & Lang, M. (2017). Self-employment in Wales: micro-business activity or the rise of the gig economy?. Welsh Economic Review, 25, 9–17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18573/j.2017.10194

Herrmann, A. M., Zaal, P. M., Chappin, M. M., Schemmann, B., & Lühmann, A. (2023). “We don't need no (higher) education”-How the gig economy challenges the education-income paradigm. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 186. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.122136

Hollander, M., Wolfe, D. A., & Chicken, E. (2013). Nonparametric Statistical Methods. USA: Wiley

Horney, N. (2016). The gig economy: A disruptor requiring HR agility. People and Strategy, 39(3), 20–27.

Huđek, I. (2022). The Emergence of Gig Economy Under the Impact of Digitalization-Model of the Success Factors of Freelancers (Doctoral dissertation). Maribor: Univerza v Mariboru.

Muldoon, J., & Raekstad, P. (2023). Algorithmic domination in the gig economy. European Journal of Political Theory, 22(4), 587–607. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/14748851221082078

Huđek, I., & Širec, K. (2023). The Impact of Digital Transformation on Freelancer Well-Being: Insight From Slovenia. In Digital Psychology’s Impact on Business and Society (pp. 56–91). IGI Global.

Ideas, G. (2021). The rise of the Gig economy. Retrieved from Groupdiscussionideas.com: https://www.groupdiscussionideas.com/the-rise-of-the-gig-economy/?expand_article=1

ILO & OECD. (2020). Ensuring better social protection for self-employed workers. Paper prepared for the G20 Virtual EWG Meeting, Riyadh, 8 April 2020. Geneva and Paris, International Labour Office and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

Kaine, S., & Josserand, E. (2019). The organisation and experience of work in the gig economy. Journal of Industrial Relations, 61(4), 479–501. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022185619865480

Kajwang, B. (2022). Role of the gig economy in the insurance sector. Journal of Business and Strategic Management, 7(1), 19–28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47941/jbsm.762

Karlsson, K., & Wranne, J. (2019). Motivation in the gig economy: A case study of gig workers in the it and business consulting industry. Retrieved from: https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1371856/FULLTEXT01.pdf

Katsnelson, L., & Oberholzer-Gee, F. (2021). Being the boss: Gig workers' value of flexible work. Harvard Business School.

Lehdonvirta, V. (2018). Flexibility in the gig economy: managing time on three online piecework platforms. New Technology, Work and Employment, 33(1), 13–29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12102

MacDonald, R., & Giazitzoglu, A. (2019). Youth, enterprise and precarity: or, what is, and what is wrong with, the ‘gig economy’?. Journal of Sociology, 55(4), 724–740. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1440783319837604

Malhotra, A. (2021). The postpandemic future of work. Journal of management, 47(5), 1091–1102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/01492063211000435

Malik, F., Nicholson, B., & Heeks, R. (2017). Understanding the development implications of online outsourcing. In International Conference on Social Implications of Computers in Developing Countries (pp. 425-436). Springer, Cham. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59111-7_35

Malt & Boston Consulting Group. (2021). Freelancing in Europe. Retrieved from https://web-assets.bcg.com/77/62/07a1c84f4be6b671ca10ec16f6f1/malt-bcg-freelancing-in-europe-2021.pdf

Malt. (2024). Freelancing in Europe 2024. Retrieved from https://pages.malt.com/freelancing-in-europe-2024?source_component=highlight

Manyika, J., Lund, S., Bughin, J., Robinson, K., Mischke, J., & Mahajan, D. (2016). Independent-Work-Choice-necessity-and-the-gig-economy. McKinsey Global Institute.

Muldoon, J., & Raekstad, P. (2023). Algorithmic domination in the gig economy. European Journal of Political Theory, 22(4), 587–607. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/14748851221082078

Poon, T. S. C. (2019). Independent workers: Growth trends, categories, and employee relations implications in the emerging gig economy. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 31(1), 63–69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10672-018-9318-8

Rani, U., & Gobel, N. (2022). Job instability, precarity, informality, and inequality: Labour in the gig economy. In Ness, I. (Eds.). The Routledge Handbook of the Gig Economy (pp. 15–32). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003161875

Roy, G., & Shrivastava, A. K. (2020). Future of gig economy: opportunities and challenges. Imi Konnect, 9(1), 14–27.

Schwellnus, C., Geva, A., Pak, M., & Veiel, R. (2019). Gig economy platforms: Boon or Bane?. OECD Publishing, Paris. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/fdb0570b-en

Scully-Russ, E., & Torraco, R. (2020). The changing nature and organization of work: An integrative review of the literature. Human Resource Development Review, 19(1), 66–93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484319886394

Shaw, A., Fiers, F., & Hargittai, E. (2023). Participation inequality in the gig economy. Information, Communication & Society, 26(11), 2250–2267. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118x.2022.2085611

Stewart, A., & Stanford, J. (2017). Regulating work in the gig economy: What are the options?. The Economic and Labour Relations Review, 28(3), 420–437. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1035304617722461

Subbiah, R. (2023). Gig Economy. Retrieved from https://www.ijfmr.com/papers/2023/1/1638.pdf

Tan, Z. M., Aggarwal, N., Cowls, J., Morley, J., Taddeo, M., & Floridi, L. (2021). The ethical debate about the gig economy: A review and critical analysis. Technology in Society, 65.

Taylor, L (2017). The Gig Economy: Your Ticket To Sourcing Top Talent. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbescoachescouncil/2017/01/04/the-gig-economy-your-ticket-to-sourcing-top-talent/

TeamStage. (2023). Gig Economy Statistics: Demographics and Trends in 2023. Retrieved from Teamstage.io: https://teamstage.io/gig-economy-statistics/

Umar, M., Xu, Y., & Mirza, S. S. (2021). The impact of Covid-19 on Gig economy. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 34(1), 2284–2296. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2020.1862688

Upwork. (2022). Freelance Forward 2022. Retrieved from https://www.upwork.com/research/freelance-forward-2022

Upwork. (2021). Upwork Study Finds 59 Million Americans Freelancing Amid Turbulent Labor Market. Retrieved from https://www.upwork.com/press/releases/upwork-study-finds-59-million-americans-freelancing-amid-turbulent-labor-market

Upwork. (2023). Freelance Forward 2023. Retrieved from https://www.upwork.com/research/freelance-forward-2023-research-report

Vallas, S., & Schor, J. B. (2020). What do platforms do? Understanding the gig economy. Annual review of sociology, 46, 273–294. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-121919-054857

Yang, S., Chen, L., & Bi, X. (2023). Overtime work, job autonomy, and employees’ subjective well-being: Evidence from China. Frontiers in Public Health, 11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1077177

Published
2024-06-28
How to Cite
Antloga M., & Huđek I. (2024). Analysis of Workers’ Perception and Demographic Factors - An Insight Into the Slovenian Gig Economy. Naše gospodarstvo/Our Economy, 70(2), 32-46. https://doi.org/10.18690/10.2478/ngoe-2024-0010