Critical Review of Internationally Comparable Entrepreneurship Activity Measures
Abstract
Many studies that place entrepreneurship in the centre of their research, especi- ally those exploring the influence of entrepreneurship on economic growth and development, often do not provide definitions and entrepreneurship measures that would be comprehensive enough for an in-depth empirical verification. Because measuring and internationally comparing entrepreneurship and its results are chal- lenging tasks, the entrepreneurship measures must be carefully chosen and interpre- ted so that they can be appropriately considered when preparing policy-making recommendations. In this paper, we more precisely define the entrepreneurship me- asures most often used at the national level and identify their strengths and weak- nesses as well as possible intersections.
Downloads
References
Acs, Z. J. (2006). How is Entrepreneurship Good for Economic Growth? MIT Press Journals. Dosegljivo: [online] [http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/itgg.2006.1.1.97].
Acs, Z. J. in Szerb, L. (2009). The Global Entrepreneurship Index (GEINDEX). Jena Economic Research Papers 2009 - 028. Jena: Max Planck Institute of Economics.
Acs, Z. J. in Szerb, L. (2011). Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index, inaugural ed. UK, USA: Edward Elgar.
Acs, Z. J. in Szerb, L. (2012). Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index 2012. VB, ZDA: Edward Elgar Pub.
Acs, Z. J., Amorós, J. E., Bosma, N. S. in Levie, J. (2009). From Entrepreneurship to Economic Development: Celebrating Ten Years of Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 29 (16), Chapter XIV. Environment, 6-6-2009.
Acs, Z. J., Audretsch, D. B. in Evans, D. (1994). Why Does the Self-Employment Rates Vary Across Countries and Over Time? CERP Working Paper No. 871, Center for Economic Policy Research.
Ahmad, N. (2008). A Proposed Framework for Business Demography Statistics. V: E. Congregado (ur.), Measuring Entrepreneurship, Building a Statistical System, Springer, 113–174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-72288-7_7
Ahmad, N. in Hoffman, A. (2007). A Framework for Addressing and Measuring Entrepreneurship. OECD En- trepreneurship Indicators Steering Group. Paris: OECD.
Ahmad, N. in Seymour, R.G. (2008). Defining Entrepre- neurial Activity: Definitions Supporting Frameworks for Data Collection. OECD Statistics Directorate, Working Paper STD/DOC (2008) 1, January. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/243164686763
Audretsch, D. (2002). Entrepreneurship: A Survey of the Literature. Prepared for the European Commission, Enterprise Directorate General. European Commission, Enterprise and Industry.
Audretsch, D. B. in Thurik, R.(2001). Linking Entrepreneurship to Growth. OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers 2001/2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/736170038056
Avanzini, D. B. (2009). Designing Composite Entreprene- urship Indicators. Research Paper No. 2009/41. Helsinki, Finland: United Nations University, UNU-WIDER, World Institute for Development Economics Research.
Baum, R. L., Locke, E. in Smith, K. (2001). Multidimensi- onal Model of Venture Growth, Academy of Management Journal 44 (2): 292–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3069456
Baumol, W., Litan, R. in Schramm, C. (2007). Good Capitalism, Bad Capitalism, and the Economics of Growth and Prosperity. Yale University Press.
Birch, D. (1979). The Job Generation Process, Final Report to Economic Development Administration. Cambridge, MA: MIT Program on Neighborhood and Regional Change.
Birch, D. (1987). Job Creation in America: How Our Smallest Companies Put the Most People to Work. New York: Free Press.
Blanchflower, D. (2000). Self-Employment in OECD Countries, Labour Economics 7 (5): 471–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0927-5371(00)00011-7
Blanchflower, D. (2004). Self-Employment: More May Not Be Better, Swedish Economic Policy Review 11 (2): 15–74.
Blanchflower, D., Oswald, A. in Stutzer, A. (2001). Latent Entrepreneurship Across Nations, European Economic Review 45 (4–6): 680–691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2921(01)00137-4
Bosma, N., Jones, K., Autio, E. in Levie, J. (2008). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: 2007 Executive Report. Babson College, London Business School, and GERA.
Cantillon, R. (1755, re-edited 1931). Essai sur la Nature du Commerce en Général. London, UK: MacMillan.
Carree, M. A. in Thurik, A. R. (2003). The Impact of En- trepreneurship on Economic Growth. V: Z. J. Acs, D. B. Audretsch (ur.), Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research, VB: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 437–471.
Congregado, E. (2008). Measuring Entrepreneurship, Building a Statistical System, Preface. Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-72288-7
Crnogaj, K. (2012). Vpliv izbranih institucionalnih in indi- vidualnih dejavnikov na podjetniško aktivnost in njihova povezava z gospodarskim in družbenim napredkom. Doktorska disertacija. Maribor: Ekonomsko-poslovna fakulteta, UM.
Davis, T. (2008). Understanding Entrepreneurship: Developing Indicators for International Comparisons and Assessments. V: E. Congregado (ur.), Measuring Entrepre- neurship, Building a Statistical System, Springer, 39–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-72288-7_4
Desai, S. (2009). Measuring Entrepreneurship in Developing Countries. Research Paper No. 2009/10. Finska: UNU-WIDER, United Nations University, World Institute for Development Economics Research.
Drucker, P. F. (1985). Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Practice and Principles. New York, USA: HarperBusiness.
EIM/ENSR. (1995). The European Observatory for SMEs; Third Annual Report, Zoetemeer: EIM Business and Policy Research.
Eurostat. (2011). Factors of Business Success. Dosegljivo: [online] [http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/european_business/special_sbs_topics/factors_business_success].
Eurostat, OECD. (2007). Eurostat – OECD Manual on Business Demography Statistics. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Evropska komisija. (2008). Akt za mala podjetja za Evropo,
{SEC(2008), COM (2008) 394 Final. Dosegljivo: [online] [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2008:0394:FIN:SL:PDF].
Evropska komisija. (2010). Flash Eurobarometer. Entrepre- neurship in the EU and Beyond, Analytical Report, EC.
Evropska komisija, SBA. (2010). European SMEs under Pressure, Annual Report on EU Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises 2009. EIM in Evropska komisija. Dosegljivo: [online] [http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sme/facts-figures-analysis/performance-review/pdf/dgentr_annual_report2010_100511.pdf].
Fairlie, R.W. (2012). 201 Kauffman Index of Entreprene- urial Activity. Report. Kauffman - The Foundation of Entrepreneurship.
Gartner, W. B. in Shane, S. (1995). Measuring Entrepre- neurship over Time, Journal of Business Venturing 10: 283–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(94)00037-U
Godin, K., Clemens, J. in Veldhuis, N. (2008). Measuring Entrepreneurship Conceptual Frameworks and Empirical Indicators. Studies in Entrepreneurship Markets No. 7, June, Fraser Institute.
Grilo, I. in Thurik, R. A. (2008). Determinants of Entrepre- neurship in Europe and the US, Industrial and Corporate Change 17 (6): 1113–1145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtn044
Hindle, K. (2006). A Measurement Framework for Interna- tional Entrepreneurship Policy Research: From Impossible Index to Malleable Matrix. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business 3 (2): 139–182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2006.008926
Hoffmann, A., Larsen, M. in Oxholm, A. S. (2006). Quality Assessment of Entrepreneurship Indicators, ver. 2. Copenhagen, Denmark: FORA. Dosegljivo: [online] [http://ice.foranet.dk/upload/quality_assessment_of_entrepreneurship_indicators_002.pdf].
Kelley, D., Bosma, N. in Amoros, J. E. (2011). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: 2010 Global Report. Babson College, Babson Park, MS, US; Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; London Business School, London, UK in GERA.
Kirzner, I.M. (1973). Competition and Entrepreneurship. Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press.
Klyver, K. (2008). An Analytical Framework for Micro-Level Analysis of GEM Data. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business 6 (4): 583–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2008.019503
Knight, F. (1921, 1st. ed./1971). Risk, Uncertainty and Profit. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lumpkin, G. T. in Dess, G. G. (1996). Clarifying the En- trepreneurial Orientation Construct and Linking It to Performance, The Academy of Management Review 21 (1): 135–172. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/AMR.1996.9602161568
Lunati, M., zu Schlochtern, J. M. in Sargsyan, G. (2010). Measuring Entrepreneurship, the OECD-Eurostat Entrepreneurship Indicators Programme, No. 15, November 2010. OECD. Dosegljivo: [online] [http://www.oecd.org/std/statisticsbrief].
Marshall, A. (1890). Principles of Economics. Reprinted in 1997. London, UK: Prometheus.
OECD. (2006). Understanding Entrepreneurship: Developing Indicators for International Comparisons and Assessments. STD/CSTAT 2006 (9).Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
OECD. (2008). Measuring Entrepreneurship. A Digest of Indicators. OECD─Eurostat Entrepreneurship Indicators Program. OECD Statistics Directorate, OECD Publishing.
OECD. (2011). Entrepreneurship at a Glance 201 , OECD Publishing.
OECD, EIP. (2011). Background Information. Dosegljivo: [online] [http://www.oecd.org/document/58/0,3746,en_2649_44392116_44441658_1_1_1_1,00.html.
Parker, S. (2005). The Economics of Entrepreneurship: What We Know and What We Don’t, Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship 1 (1): 1–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/0300000001
Parker, S. C. (2008). Statistical Issues in Applied En- trepreneurship Research: Data, Methods and Challenges, V: E. Congregado (ur.), Measuring Entrepreneurship, Building a Statistical System. Springer, 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-72288-7_2
Penrose, E. T. (1959 / re-edited 1980). The Theory of the Growth of the Firm. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
Rebernik, M., Tominc, P. in Crnogaj, K. (2011). Podjetniška aktivnost, aspiracije in odnos do podjetništva, GEM Slovenija 2010. Ekonomsko-poslovna fakulteta, UM.
Say, J. B. (1803 / re-edited 1964). A Treatise on Political Economy; or the Production, Distribution and Consumption of Wealth. New York: Augustus M. Kelley ed.
Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital,Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle. Cambridge, USA: Harvard University Press.
Storey, D. J. (1991). The Birth of New Enterprises – Does Unemployment Matter? A Review of the Evidence. Small Business Economics 3 (3): 167–178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00400022
Širec, K. in Crnogaj, K. (2010). Diversity of Slovenian High-Growth Companies, USA-China Business Review 9 (2): 1–16.
Širec, K. in Crnogaj, K. (2011). Doprinos dinamičkih poduzeća kao izazov za kreatore ekonomske politike. V: Međunarodna naučna konferencija “Ekonomska integracija: izazovi i perspective integracija zemalja Jugoistočne Evrope, zbornik međunarodnog znanstvenog skupa, Tuzla: Ekonomski fakultet.
Tominc, P. in Rebernik, M. (2012). Komparativna analiza podjetniške aktivnosti z globalnim indeksom podjetništva in razvoja – GEDI. Naše gospodarstvo 58 (1/2): 55–63.
Van Stel, A., Cieslik, J. in Hartlog, C. (2010). Measuring Business Ownership Across Countries and Over Time: Extending the COMPENDIA Data Base. EIM Research Reports, The Netherlands: EIM Business and Policy Research. Dosegljivo: [online] [http://www.entrepreneurship-sme.eu/pdf-ez/H201019.pdf].
Verheul, I., Wennekers, S., Audretsch, D. in Thurik, R. (2002). An Eclectic Theory of Entrepreneurship: Policies, Institutions and Culture, V: D.B. Audretsch, R. Thurik, I. Verheul in A.R.M. Wennekers (ur.), Entrepreneurship: De- terminants and Policy in a European-U.S. Comparison, Boston/Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 11–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47556-1_2
von Mises, L. (1949 / re-edited 1996). Human Action: A Treatise on Economics. Fourth Revised Edition. San Francisco: Fox & Wilkes.
Walras, L. (1954). Elements of Pure Economics, or the Theory of Social Welfare. London: Allen & Unwin for the American Economic Association and the Royal Economic Society.
WBGES. (2008). The World Bank Group Entrepreneur- ship Snapshots. Dosegljivo: [online] [http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/EXTPROGRAMS/EXTFINRES/0,,contentMD-K:21454009~pagePK:64168182~piPK:64168060~theSi-tePK:478060,00.html].
WBGES. (2010). Entrepreneurship Snapshots 2010; Measuring the Impact of the Financial Crisis on New Business Registration. ZDA: The World Bank.
Wennekers, A. R. M. (1997). The Revival of Entrepreneur- ship in the Netherlands, V: P. J. J. Welfens in C. Graack (ur.), Technologieorientierte Unternehmensgründungen und Mi- ttelstandspolitik in Europa, Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag, 185–194.
Wennekers, A. R. M., Uhlander, L. M., in Thurik, R. (2002). Entrepreneurship and Its Conditions: A Macro Perspective. International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education 1 (1): 25–64.
Wicklund, J. in Shepherd, D. (2003). Aspiring for, and Achieving Growth: The Moderating Role of Resources and Opportunities, Journal of Management Studies 40 (8): 1919–1941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-6486.2003.00406.x