The Relationship between Spiritual Intelligence and Work Satisfaction among Leaders and Employees
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the relationship between spiritual intelligence and work satisfaction among both leaders and employees. Most studies in this area have focused on researching the relationship between employees’ spiritual intelligence and work satisfaction, so we also researched the relationship between leaders’ spiritual intelligence and work satisfaction. Our leading thesis was that leaders and employees with a higher level of spiritual intelligence have a higher level of work satisfaction. In our study, we found no significant relationship between spiritual intelligence and work satisfaction for leaders, but we found a significant positive relationship between spiritual intelligence and workplace satisfaction for employees.
Downloads
References
Amram, Y. (2009). The contribution of emotional and spiritual intelligences to effective business leadership. Palo Alto, CA: Institute of Transpersonal Psychology.
Amram, Yosi & Dryer, Christopher. (2007). The Development and Preliminary Validation of the Integrated Spiritual Intelligence Scale (ISIS). Palo Alto, CA: Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Working Paper. Available on http://www.geocities.com/isisfindings/
Beagrie, R. (1999). Why the future belongs to value added companies. The Journal for Quality & Participation, 22(1), 884–895. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02621710610692089
Brayfield, A. H., & Rothe, H. F. (1951). An index of job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 35(5), 307–311. Retrieved from http://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0055617
Brown, E. (1999). America’s most admired companies. Fortune, 1(3), 68–73.
Cohen, A. B. (2002). The importance of spirituality in well-being for Jews and Christians. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3, 287–310. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020656823365
Covey, S. R. (1990). Principle-centered leadership. New York: Fireside.
Crossman, A., & Abou-Zaki, B. (2003). Job satisfaction and employee performance of Lebanese banking staff. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18(4), 368–376. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683940310473118
Deming, W. E. (1981). Improvement of quality and productivity through action by management. National Productivity Review, 1(1), 12–22. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/npr.4040010105
Emmons, R. A. (2000). Is spirituality an intelligence? The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 10, 27–34. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S15327582IJPR1001_2
European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. (2007). Measuring job satisfaction in surveys-com- parative analytical report. Retrieved from http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/sites/default/files/ef_files/ewco/reports/TN0608TR01/TN0608TR01.pdf
Evans, L. (1997). Understanding teacher morale and job satisfaction. Teaching and Teacher Education, 13(8), 831–245. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0742-051X(97)00027-9
Fairholm, G. W. (2000). Capturing the heart of leadership (spirituality and community in the new American workplace). Westpoint, CT, London: Praeger.
Fry, L. W. (2003). Toward a theory of spiritual leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 14(6), 693–727. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2003.09.001
Gardner, H. (1999). Intelligence reframed: Multiple intelligences for the 21st century. New York: Basic Books.
George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
George, M. (2006). Practical application of spiritual intelligence in the workplace. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 3–5. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09670730610678181
Halama, P., & Strizenec, M. (2004). Spiritual, existential or both? Theoretical considerations on the nature of higher intelligenc- es. Studia Psychologica, 43, 239–253. Retrieved from http://katpsych.truni.sk/osobne/halama/Halama,%20Str%C3%AD%C5%- BEenec,%202004.pdf
King, D. B. (2008). Rethinking claims of spiritual intelligence: A definition, model, & measure (Unpublished master’s thesis). Trent University, Peterborough.
Landy, F. J., Shankster, L. J., & Kohler, S. S. (1994). Personnel selection and placement. Annual Review of Psychology, 45, 261–296. Retrieved from http://org/doi/10.1037/0021-9010.83.1.3
Mahajan, R. (2015). Study of the relationship of research contribution and professional exposure of Indian agricultural scientists with their self-destructive intelligence syndrome and spiritual intelligence: Degree. India: Kumaun University.
Marques, J. F. (2006). The spiritual worker: An examination of the ripple effect that enhances quality of life in- and outside the work environment. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 884–895. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02621710610692089
Mihalič, R. (2008). Povečajmo zadovoljstvo in pripadnost zaposlenih: praktični nasveti, metodologija, interni akt in model usposabljanja za upravljanje in merjenje zadovoljstva in pripadnosti zaposlenih, z ukrepi za večje zadovoljstvo pri delu in pripadnost organizaciji: priročnik. Škofja Loka: Mihalič in partner.
Musek, J. (2008). Duhovna inteligentnost: struktura in povezave. Anthropos, 3–4, 259–106. Retrieved from http://www.anthropos.si/anthropos/2008/3_4/13_musek.pdf
Musek, J., & Maravič, K. (2004). Vrednote in duhovna inteligentnost. Retrieved from http://www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-AV2T-FKY5/a24f0214-d9d6-48dd-8d2f-acafa118c411/PDF
Nguyen, A. N., Taylor, Y., & Bradley, S. (2003). Job autonomy and job satisfaction: Some new evidence (Working paper 045). Department of Economics: Lancaster University Management School. Retrieved from http://www.lancaster.ac.uk/staff/ecasb/papers/job%20autonomy%20%20job%20satisfaction%2030july03.pdf
Nodehi, H., & Nehardani, H. (2013). Relation between spiritual intelligence and job satisfaction. Journal of Social Issues & Humanities, 1(5), 67–72. Retrieved from http://www.journalsih.com/Research%20Articles/Issue%205/Relation%20between%20Spiritual%20Intelligence%20and%20Job%20Satisfaction.pdf
Perrone, K. M., Webb, K. L., Wright. S. L., Jackson, V. Z., & Ksiazak, Z. M. (2006). Relationship of spirituality to work and family roles and life satisfaction among gifted adults. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 28(3), 253–268. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.17744/mehc.28.3.81a1dlhwelblce0v
Rastgar, A. A., Davoudi, S. M. M., Oraji, S., & Abbasian, M. (2012). A study of the relationship between employees’ spiritual intelligence and job satisfaction: A survey in Iran’s banking industry. A Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 1(2), 57–74. Retrieved from http://prj.co.in/setup/socialscience/paper9.pdf
Regent, P. (2013). Obremenjenost in zadovoljstvo pri delu v odnosu do izgorelosti učiteljev (doktorska disertacija). Ljubljana: Filozofska fakulteta Univerze v Ljubljani.
Ronel, N. (2008). The experience of spiritual intelligence. The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 40(1), 100–120. Retrieved from http://www.atpweb.org/jtparchive/trps-40-08-01-100.pdf
Sabadin, A. (1978). Kvantitativni vidik analize strukture dela (doktorska disertacija). Ljubljana: Filozofska fakulteta Univerze v Ljubljani.
Sadeghi, H., Zamani, A., & Mamasani, A. N. (2015). Study the relationship between spiritual intelligence and emotion intelligence with the quality of work life Izeh principals. Journal of Scientific Research and Development, 2(1), 187–190. Retrieved from http://jsrad.org/wp-content/2015/Issue%201,%202015/33%202015-2-1-187-190.pdf
Schwartz, T. (1995). What really matters: Searching for wisdom in America. New York: Bantam.
Shabani, J., Hassan, S. A., Ahmad, A., & Baba, M. (2010). Age as moderated influence on the link of spiritual and emotional intelligence with mental health in high school students. Journal of American Science, 6(11), 394–400. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Aminah_Ahmad2/publication/265550153_Age_as_Moderated_Influence_on_the_Link_of_Spiritual_and_Emotional_Intelligence_with_Mental_Health_in_High_School_Students/links/5411a7970cf264cee28b4b9d.pdf
Shaikh, M. A., Bhutto, N. A., & Maitlo, Q. (2012). Facets of job satisfaction and its association with performance. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(7), 322–326. Retrieved from http://ijbssnet.com/journals/Vol_3_No_7_April_2012/36.pdf
Smith, P. C., Kendall, L., & Hulin, C. L. (1969). The measurement of satisfaction in work and retirement: A strategy for the study of attitudes. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Sousa-Poza, A. & Sousa-Poza, A. A. 2000. Well-being at work: a cross-national analysis of the levelsand determinants of job satisfaction. Journal of Socio-Economics 29, 517–538 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1053-5357(00)00085-8
Subramaniam, M., & Panchanatham, N. (2014). Relationship between emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence and wellbeing of management executives. Global Research Analysis, 3(3), 92–94
Šarotar Žižek, S. (2008). Pomen osebnega in osebnostnega razvoja človeških virov v (slovenskem) turizmu. Academica Turistica: Fakulteta za turistične študije, 3–4, 42–48. Retrieved from http://www.turistica.si/downloads/revija/AcademicaTuristica-Nr3-4-December2008.pdf
Šarotar Žižek, S. (2012). Vpliv psihičnega dobrega počutja na temelju zadostne in potrebne osebne celovitosti zaposlenega na uspešnost organizacije (doktorska disertacija). Maribor: Ekonomsko poslovna fakulteta Univerze v Mariboru.
Šarotar Žižek, S., Treven, S., & Mulej, M. (2011). Povezava med psihičnim dobrim počutjem zaposlenih in duhovno inteligentnostjo kot dejavniki primerno celovitega menedžmenta. Moderna organizacija. Maribor: Fakulteta za organizacijske vede.
Thompson, L. (2004). Moral leadership in a postmodern world. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 11(1), 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107179190401100105
Tischler, L., Biberman, J., & McKeage, R. (2002). Linking emotional intelligence, spirituality and workplace performance: Definitions, models and ideas for research. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 17(3), 203–218. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683940210423114
Vaughan, F. (2002). What is spiritual intelligence? Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 42(2), 16–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022167802422003
Wigglesworth, C. (2012). SQ21: The 21 skills of spiritual intelligence. New York: Selected Books.
Wolf, E. (2004). Spiritual leadership: a new model. Healthcare Executive, 19(2), 22–25. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15017832
Wolman, R. N. (2001). Thinking with your soul: Spiritual intelligence and why it matters. New York: Harmony Books.
Yahyazadeh-Jeloudar, S., & Lotli-Goodarzi, F. (2012). What is the relationship between spiritual intelligence and job satisfaction among MA and BA teachers? International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(8), 299–303. Retrieved from http://ijbssnet.com/journals/Vol_3_No_8_Special_Issue_April_2012/35.pdf
Zembylas, M., & Papanastasiou, E. (2004). Job satisfaction among school teachers in Cyprus. Journal of Educational Administration, 42(3), 357–374. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09578230410534676
Zohar, D., & Marshall, I. (2000). SQ—Spiritual intelligence, the ultimate intelligence. London: UL copy.
