Effect of Self-esteem on Perceived Job Insecurity: The Moderating Role of Self-efficacy and Gender
Abstract
The high rate of job loss in most crude oil dependent countries, which may be attributed to the recent drop in the price of this commodity in international markets, has intensified the perception of threats associated with potential job loss among the employees who are still employed. Hence, perceived job insecurity, its associated outcome, coupled with how it can be mitigated has become a global phenomenon, which requires the attention of managers and practitioners alike. In this work, we built upon Hobfall’s conservation of resource theory (CRT) to present a research model that links employee’s self-efficacy and gender to the strength or weakness of the relationship between self-esteem and self-perceived job insecurity. Research data were collected from 153 randomly selected Nigerian Bank employees out of 217 drawn from a total population of 509. Based on the results from relevant statistical analysis, it is discovered that, while increase in self-esteem would lead to a significant decrease in job insecurity perception, such significant decrease is, however, not associated with self-efficacy and gender meaning that these variables are not moderators in the self-esteem/perceived job insecurity relationship. In line with these outcomes, we conclude by recommending that managers should focus on developing intervention strategies aimed at improving employee self-esteem with a view of reducing perceived job insecurity. In addition, important areas in need of future research were also identified.
Downloads
References
adekiya, A.A. (2015). Perceived job insecurity: Its individual, organizational and societal effects, European Scientific Journal (Special Edition), 1, 100-118.
Afari, E., Ward, G., & Khine, M.S. (2012). Global self-esteem and self-efficacy correlates: relation of academic achievement and self-esteem among emirati students. International Education Studies, 5, 2-23. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v5n2p49
Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regressions: Testing and Interpreting Interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Aregu, B.B. (2013). Self-efficacy, self-esteem and gender as determinants of performance in speaking tasks. Journal of Media and Commu- nication Studies, 5(6), 64-71. DOI: 10.5897/JMCS2013. 0366.
Asika, N. (1991). Research Methodology in the Behavioral Sciences. Lagos, Nigeria: Longman Nigeria plc. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York: W. H. Freeman.
Baron, R.M., & Kenny, D.A. (1986). The moderator-mediator distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
Bayani, A.A. (2016). The effect of self-esteem, self-efficacy and family social support on test anxiety in elementary students: A path model. Int J School Health, 3(4). DOI: 10.17795/intjsh-34677.
Berntson, E., Na¨swall, K., & Sverke, M. (2010). The moderating role of employability in the association between job insecurity and exit, voice, loyalty and neglect. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 32, 215-230. DOI:10.1177/0143831X09358374
Bertrams, A., Baumeister, R., & Englert, C. (2016). Higher self-control capacity predicts lower anxiety-impaired cognition during math examinations. Front. Psychol. 7, 485. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.
Bleidorn, W., Arslan, R.C., Denissen, J.J.A., Rentfrow, P.J., Gebauer, J.E., & Potter, J. (2015). Age and gender differences in self-esteem: A cross-cultural window. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 111(3), 396–410. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000078
Borra, C., & Gomez-Garcia, F. (2014). Job satisfaction, insecurity and the great recession: The effect of others:- unemployment. Retrieved from http://idus.us.es/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11441/54222/Job%20 satisfaction.pdf?
Brockner, J. (1988). Self-Esteem at work: Research, theory, and practice. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Chen, C.C., Greene, P.G., & Crick, A. (1998). Does entrepreneurial Self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers? Journal of Business Venturing, 13(4), 295-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(97)00029-3
Cheng, T. (2013). Revisiting the buffers of job insecurity investigating new buffering factors between perceived job insecurity and employee outcomes. Jyväskylä Studies in Education, Psychology and Social Research. 485.
Clark, L.J. (2005). Moderators of the effects of perceived job insecurity: A comparison of temporary and permanent employees. [Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, Queensland University of Technology].
Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S.G., & Aiken, L.S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/ correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd Ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Coopersmith, S. (1967). The antecedents of self-esteem. San Francisco: Freeman.
Dachapalli, L.P. & Parumasur, S.B. (2012). Employee susceptibility to experiencing job insecurity. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 15, 31-43. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v15i1.125
Debus, M. E., Konig, C. J., & Kleinmann, M. (2014). The building blocks of job insecurity: The impact of environmental and person-related variables on job insecurity perceptions. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 87, 329-351. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12049
De Cuyper, N., De Witte, H., Elst, T., Niesen, W. & Vanbelle, E. (2012). Job insecurity: Review of the literature and a summary of recent studies from Belgium. Romanian Journal of Applied Psychology, 14(1), 11-17.
De Cuyper, N. & De Witte, H. (2011).The management paradox: Self-rated employability and organizational commitment and performance. Personnel Review, 40(2), 152-172.
De-Keyser, V., Vlerick, P., & D’hoore, W. (2011). Organizational changes, employee stress, and customer satisfaction: emergence of the Flexihealth Concept. Flexi-Health.
De-Paola, F & Charkhabi, M. (2016). The effect of qualitative job insecurity on work engagement: Testing moderating role of organiza- tion-based self-esteem.
De Witte, H. (2005). Job insecurity: Review of the international literature on definitions, prevalence, antecedents and consequences. South African Journal of Industrial Psychology, 31, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v31i4.200
De-Souza, L.K. & Hutz, C.S. (2016). Self-compassion in relation to self-esteem, self-efficacy and demographical aspects. Paidéia, 26(64), 181-188. doi:10.1590/1982-43272664201604.
Earley, P.C., & Lituchy, T.R. (1991). Delineating goal and efficacy effects: A test of three models. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(81), 98. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.76.1.81
Ferkany, M. (2008). The educational importance of self-esteem. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 42, 119–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9752.2008.00610.x.
Filemoni, T. (2017). To study or not to study: The influences of procrastination, self-esteem, and self-efficacy on Self-handicapping among College Students. FHSS Mentored Research Conference 306. Retrieved from http://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/fhssconference_ studentpub/306.
Gaunt, R., & Benjamin, O. (2007). Job Insecurity, Stress and Gender: The Moderating Role of Gender Ideology. Community, Work & Family, 10, 341-355. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668800701456336
Goretzki, M. (2016). Determinants of perceived job security. Masters Dissertation, University of Twente.
Greenhalgh, L. & Rosenblatt, Z. (2010). Evolution of research on job insecurity. International Studies of Management and Organization, 40, 6-19. https://doi.org/10.2753/IMO0020-8825400101
Greenhalgh, L., & Rosenblatt, Z. (1984). Job insecurity: Toward conceptual clarity. Academy of Management Review, 9, 438–448. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1984.4279673
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44, 513-524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
Hofstede, G. (1980), Culture’s consequences. London: Sage.
Holmbeck, G.N. (1997). Toward terminological, conceptual, and statistical clarity in the study of mediators and moderators: Examples from the child-clinical and pediatric psychology literatures. J Consult Clin Psychol, 65(4), 599-610. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.65.4.599
Hellgren, J., Sverke, M., & Isaksson, K. (1999). A two-dimensional approach to job insecurity: Consequences for employee attitudes and well-being. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8, 179-195. https://doi.org/10.1080/135943299398311
Hui, C., & Lee, C. (2000). Moderating effects of organization-based self-esteem on the relationship between perception of organizational uncertainty and employee response. Journal of Management, 26(2), 215–232. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630002600203
Imam, S.S. (2007). General self-efficacy scale dimensionality, internal consistency, and temporal stability. Proceedings of the redesigning pedagogy: Culture, knowledge and understanding conference, Singapore, May 2007.
Judge, T. A., Erez, A., Bono, J. E., & Thoresen, C. J. (2003). The core self-evaluations scale: development of a measure. Personnel Psychology, 5, 303-331.
Judge, T.A., Shaw, J.C., Jackson, C.L., & Rich, B.S.C. (2007). Self-efficacy and work-related performance: The integral role of individual differences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(1), 107–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2003.tb00152.x
Khan, A., Fleva, E., & Qazi, T. (2015). Role of self-esteem and general self-efficacy in Teachers’ efficacy in primary schools. Psychology, 6, 117-125. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/psych.2015.61010.
Kolawole, A.T., Ajani, O.A., & Adisa, A.L. (2013). Declining job security level and workers’ performance in selected Banks in south western Nigeria. Journal of African Sociological Review 17(2), 21-32.
Kekesi, E.K., & Agyemang, C.B. (2014). Perceived job insecurity and psychological distress: The moderating role of work values. Interna- tional Journal of Management, Economics and Social Sciences, 3(1), 18–35.
König, C. J. Debus, M E; Haeusler, S; Lendenmann, N; Kleinmann, M. (2010). Examining occupational self-efficacy, work locus of control and communication as moderators of the job insecurity—job performance relationship. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 31(2), 231-247. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143831X09358629
Korman, A. K. (1976). Hypothesis of work behavior revisited and an extension. Academy of Management Review, 1, 50–63. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1976.4408762
Korman, A. K. (1970). Toward a hypothesis of work behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 54, 31–41. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0028656
Kinnunen, U., Feldt, T., & Mauno, S. (2003). Job insecurity and self-esteem: evidence from cross-lagged relations in a 1-year longitudinal sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 617-632. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00223-4
Krejcie, R.V. & Morgan, D.W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. The Bobb Meril Co Inc p.608. Website: http://opa.uprrp.edu/InvinsDocs/KrejcieandMorgan.pdf.
Kuhnert, K. W., & Vance, R. J. (1992). Job insecurity and moderators of the relation between job insecurity and employee adjustment. In
J. Quick, L. Murphy, & J. Hurrell (Eds.), Stress and well-being at work: assessments and interventions for occupational mental health (pp. 48–63). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10116-004
Kunle, A.O., Shittu, A.K. & Kolawole, A.J. (2013). Impact of job insecurity, role perception and self efficacy on Bankers’ affective wellbeing. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science, 16(1), 59-67. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-1615967
Lasdat, L. (2010). To what extent do core self-evaluations and coping style influence the perception of job insecurity?. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1359432X.2013.800678
Laszlo, K.D., Pikhart, H., Kopp, M.S., Bobak, M., Pajak, A.D., Malyutina, S., Salavecz, G., & Marmot, M. (2010). Job insecurity and health: A study of 16 European countries. Social Science & Medicine, (70), 867–874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.11.022
Lazarus, R. S. & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress appraisal and coping. New York: Springer.
Leiter, M. P. & Durup, M. J. (1996). Work, home, and in between: A longitudinal study of spillover. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 32(1), 29-47. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886396321002
Lee, C., Huang, G. H., & Ashford, S.J. (2018). Job insecurity and the changing workplace: recent developments and the future trends in job insecurity research. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1146/an-nurev-orgpsych-032117-104651
Lewis, J. (2001). The decline of the male breadwinner model: Implications for work and care. Social Politics, 8, 152-169. https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/8.2.152
Lucia, I. & Denisa, F. (2015). Predictors and consequences of job insecurity: comparison of Slovakia and Estonia. In: Studies of Transition States and Societies, 7(3), 21-37. Retrieved from: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn: de:0168-ssoar-464430
Mraz, J.D. (2013). Understanding the relationship between job insecurity and organizational citizenship behaviors: an examination of stress appraisals, core self-evaluation, and perceived organizational support. [Unpublished Thesis, San Diego State University].
Norusis, M. (2004). SPSS 13.0 guide to data analysis. Upper Saddle-River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, Inc.
Nupur, C. & Mahapatro, M. (2016). Gender differences in self esteem among young adults of Raipur, Uttar Pradesh, India. Austin Journal of Women’s Health, 3(1), 1018.
Okurame, D.E. (2014). Moderator effects of gender in the job insecurity—Career engagement relationship: A Nigerian study. International Journal of Business and Management; 9(6), 12-24. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v9n6p141
Orpen, C. (1994). The effects of self-esteem and personal control on the relationships between job insecurity and psychological well-being. Social Behavior and Personality, 22(1), 53-56. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1994.22.1.53
Petrongolo, B. (2010). Gender segregation in employment contracts. Journal of the European Economic Association, 2(2-3), 331-345.
Pierce, J. L., Gardner, D. G., Cummings, L. L., & Dunham, R. B. (1989). Organization based self-esteem: Construct definition measurement and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 32, 622–648.
Richter, A. (2011). Job Insecurity and Its consequences investigating moderators, mediators and gender. Department of Psychology, Stockholm University. US-AB, Stockholm.
Rosenberg,M.(1965).Society and the adolescent-self image. Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400876136
Sekaran, U. (2008). Research Methods for Business. New York, John Wiley and Sons.
Selenko, E., Mäkikangas, A., Mauno, S., & Kinnunen, U. (2013). How does job insecurity relate to self-reported job performance? Analyzing curvilinear associations in a longitudinal sample. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86, 522–542
Semmer, N. (2003). Individual differences, work stress and health. In
M.J. Schabracq, J.A.M. Winnubst & C.L. Cooper (Eds.), Handbook of work and health psychology, 2nd ed (pp. 83_ 120). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Sherer, M., Maddux, J. E., Mercandante, B., Prentice-Dunn, S., Jacobs, B., & Rogers, R. W. (1982). The self-efficacy scale: Construction and validation. Psychological Reports, 51, 663-671. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1982.51.2.663
Shoss, M. (2017). Job Insecurity: An integrative review and agenda for future research. Journal of Management, 43(6), 1911-1939. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206317691574
Simpson, C. K., & Boyle, D. (1975). Esteem construct generality and academic performance. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 35, 897–904. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447503500416
Smith, R.E. (2013). Insecure Commitment and Resistance: An Examination of Change Leadership, Self-Efficacy, and Trust on the Relation- ship between Job Insecurity, Employee Commitment, and Resistance to Organizational Change. [Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Minnesota].
Stoner, C. R., Robins, J., & Russell-Chapin, L. (2005). On the edge: Perceptions and responses to life imbalance. Business Horizons, 48, 337–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2004.12.002
Sverke, M., Hellgren, J., & Näswall, K. (2002). No security: A meta-analysis and review of job insecurity and its consequences. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7, 242-264. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.7.3.242
Universal Accreditation Board.(2003) Accreditation study course: Random sample size table. Retrieved from: http://www.praccreditation.org/secure/documents/coachH016.pdf on 25th April, 2016.
Vanguard (2016). Labor condemns mass retrenchment in banking sector. Retrieved from https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/06/labour-condemns-mass-retrenchment-banking-sector/.
Van-Hootegen, A., De-Witte, H., & De-Cuyper, N. (2018). Job Insecurity and the Willingness to Undertake Training: The Moderating Role of Perceived Employability. Journal of Career Development. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845318763893
Yang, S., & Zheng, L. (2015). Perceived job insecurity of white and black workers: An expanded gap in organizations with layoff prevention commitment. Sociological Spectrum, 35, 483-503. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.2015.1064797
