Optimizacija uporabe NPK gnojil za izboljšanje pridelka in vsebnosti beljakovin v kitajskem fižolu [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp]: Pregled
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18690/agricsci.23.1.4Ključne besede:
sorte kitajskega fižola, surove beljakovine, dušik, fosfor, kalijPovzetek
Kitajski fižol (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) velja za pomemben vir prehranskih beljakovin za podeželsko in mestno prebivalstvo podsaharske Afrike. Njegova sposobnost vezave atmosferskega dušika v tla dodatno poudarja njegovo pomembno vlogo pri izboljševanju rodovitnosti tal. Kljub temu pa so nizek pridelek in slaba kakovost semen posledica slabe rodovitnosti tal. Uvajanje izboljšanih sort v zadnjih desetletjih je zahtevalo različna priporočila glede gnojenja, prilagojena različnim ekološkim razmeram. Ta pregled temelji na približno 103 raziskovalnih delih in kritično obravnava vpliv dušika (N), fosforja (P) in kalija (K) na rast, pridelek in kakovost semen kitajskega fižola , z vidika vsebnosti surovih beljakovin. Zbrani podatki kažejo, da so priporočila za gnojenje z N, P in K odvisna od več dejavnikov, vključno s skupno vsebnostjo dušika ter dostopnim fosforjem in kalijem v tleh, ki se razlikujejo med agroekološkimi območji. Uporaba dušikovih gnojil je lahko škodljiva za rastlino, razen v primerih izjemno nizke vsebnosti dušika v tleh. Učinkovita inokulacija semen z bakterijo Rhizobium spodbuja tvorbo nodulov. V številnih virih se kot optimalni odmerki za rast in pridelek navajajo 15–40 kg N/ha, 20–45 kg P₂O₅/ha in 30–40 kg K₂O/ha, tudi v razmerah zelo nizke založenosti tal z navedenimi hranili. Ti odmerki pozitivno vplivajo na višino rastlin, število vej, cvetov in strokov, listno površino, dolžino korenin, vsebnost suhe snovi, biomaso (nadzemni in podzemni deli), pridelek zrn, število in maso nodulov ter maso 100 semen, zato so priporočeni tudi v tem pregledu. Ker sta dušik in fosfor ključni sestavini v beljakovinah, je uporaba NPK gnojil nujna za optimizacijo vsebnosti surovih beljakovin v semenih kitajskega fižola, kar potrjujejo številni avtorji. Povečevanje odmerkov dušika in fosforja praviloma poveča vsebnost surovih beljakovin, vendar so bili optimalni pridelek in vsebnost beljakovin v večini agroekoloških razmer v Nigeriji doseženi pri odmerku 30 kg N/ha in 37,5 kg P₂O₅/ha v kombinaciji z inokulacijo semen z bakterijo Rhizobium.
Prenosi
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