CONCEPT OF TOURIST AND ECONOMIC REGIONALIZATION OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE ON THE TUZLA TOURIST-GEOGRAPHICAL REGION IN THE AREA OF NORTHERN BOSNIA

Concept of tourist and economic regionalization of Bosnia and Herzegovina with special reference to the Tuzla tourist-geographic region in the area of Northern Bosnia In this paper, the authors work on the basis of the present knowledge, especially in the interest of realization of the concept of long-term development of tourism, to point out the need and representational basis for the separation of tourist-geographic regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The basis of the functional tourist and economic regionalization of Bosnia and Herzegovina served the concept of separation of tourist-geographical regions. The research of tourism development of the Tuzla region within this work requires the spatial definition, ie the demarcation of the tourist region in the area of Northern Bosnia. During the delimitation of the Tuzla tourist region, the former geo-tourist and economic concepts of the Northeast Bosnia-Herzegovina regionalization were taken into account with six proposals being made. For this purpose, a geographic analysis was carried out and proposals for certain corrections of the former physiognomic boundaries and the spatial coverage of regional units of the first and second level were made, along with the established guidelines for further research in this field. During the field research conducted, the emphasis was placed on the detailed attribution of tourism potential and their


Introduction
All the researches carried out in the past period, in which the natural geographic, demographic and tourism geographic features in the development of tourism in the area of Bosnia and Herzegovina have been analyzed in detail, represent the need for a more creative approach to the design of zones and facilities for tourism.This primarily relates to the activation of tourist areas (zones and localities) that are located near main traffic areas or significant tourist centers within the tourist regions.The data for the tourist regionalization of Bosnia and Herzegovina are very scarce, only a few authors have dealt with this issue.In earlier phases of scientific research in the study of tourism-geographic regionalization of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the researches of Bračić (1963) and Blašković (1972) were noticed.Bračić divided the tourist area of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina into: Una, Banjaluka, Tuzla, Sarajevo, Drina, Neretva and Trebinje's, while Blaškovićclassified the area of Bosnia and Herzegovina into the Dinaric tourist region, which included three tourist regions: Central Bosnia, Herzegovina and the Bosnian Krajina (Western Bosnia).(Mirić et al. 2017) According to this regionalization, the Tuzla area was within the framework of the Middle Bosnia region.In the earlier phases of scientific researches for the study of tourist areas of tourist-geographical regionalization of Bosnia and Herzegovina, geographic and economic-geographic criteria were taken into account, as confirmed by authors Petrović (1977), Klapić (2002) Nurković and Mirić (2005) who have dealt with this issue.
1.1 Economic regionalization Krešimir Papić gave a proposal of two-stage regionalization of economic nodalfunctional regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina.This regionalization was based on the interconnection of municipalities and regions, which were, by their size, position and coordinating importance, macro-regional centers.According to this regionalization in the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, four macro-regions were identified in the first and 21 regions in the second stage of regionalization: 1. Western Bosnia or Banja Luka macro-region (Banja Luka region, Bihać region, Drvar region, Jajce region, Prijedor region) 2. Eastern Bosnia or the Tuzla macro-region (Brčko region, Tuzla region, Zvornik region).3. Central Bosnia or Sarajevo-Zenica macro-region (Bugojno region, Doboj region, Goražde region, Livno region, Sarajevo region, Sokolac region, Travnik region, Visoko region, Zenica region) 4. Herzegovinian or Mostar makroregija (Čapljina region, Konjic region, Mostar region, Trebinje region).
East Bosnian (Tuzla) economic macro-region included subregion Tuzla, subregionBrčko and subregion Zvornik in second-tier regionalization within which 18 municipalities were located.The integrative function of the economic macroregional center was given to Tuzla (Klapić 2002).
According to the size of the territory 6.841 km² (12% of the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina) was the fourth, according to the number of inhabitants 949.594 (20% of the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina) was the third and according to population density (135 / km²) was the first.(Fig. 1)

The Concept of Functional Tourism Regionalization
The most extensive researches of spatial basics of functional tourism regionalization of Bosnia and Herzegovina are presented in the study "Tourism and homogenization of socio-economic and cultural development of Bosnia and Herzegovina" in 1986.In the proposed study, the authors identified four tourism macro-regions: Central, Herzegovinian, East and West Bosnian in the primary 13 tourist centers and in the second secondary division.
The territory of Northeast Bosnia belonged to the East-Bosnian and Central Tourism Macro-region.According to this draft, the territory of the East-Bosnian tourist macroregion was Tuzla and Doboj tourist center, and within the Central macro-region it was Srebrenica tourist center.

Regionalization by Chambers of Commerce
For the purposes of economic development of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Economic Institute Sarajevo has made a proposal for the regional deployment of the Chambers of Commerce of Bosnia and Herzegovina.There are seven Chambers of Commerce: Bihać (7 municipalities), Banjaluka (17 municipalities), Doboj (9 municipalities), Tuzla (19 municipalities), Zenica (12 municipalities), Sarajevo (24 municipalities) and Mostar (18 municipalities).(Papić 1977) Given the limitations of work, getting acquainted with the fields of chambers of commerce is reduced to getting acquainted with the basic characteristics of the Tuzla Chamber of Commerce.According to this proposal, within the territory of the Tuzla Chamber of Commerce were the following municipalities: Banovići, Bijeljina, Brčko, Bratunac, Gračanica, Gradačac, Kalesija, Kladanj, Lukavac, Lopare, Orašje, Srebrenik, Srebrenica, Zvornik,Ugljevik,Vlasenica, Šekovići, Tuzla and Živinice.Compared to the East Bosnia Tuzla economic macroregion, the Tuzla Chamber of Commerce also included the municipality of Gračanica (Klapić 2002).According to the 1991 census, in the area of the Tuzla Chamber of Commerce lived 949.594 or 21,1% of the total population of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Hodžić, Kofrc 2006) (Fig. 2).FBiH territory is organized in 10 cantons: the Una-Sana Canton with headquarters in Bihać, the Posavina Canton with headquarters in Orašje, the Tuzla Cantonwith headquarters in Tuzla, the Zenica-DobojCanton with headquarters in Zenica, the Bosnia-Podrinje Cantonwith headquarters in Goražde, the Central Bosnia Canton with headquarters inTravnik, the Herzegovina-Neretva Cantonwith headquarters in Mostar, the West-Herzegovinawith headquarters in ŠirokiBrijeg, the Sarajevo Canton with headquarters in Sarajevo and the Canton 10 with headquarters in Livno.(Official Gazette Tuzla Canton 2008) The territory of the Republic of Srpskais regulated by the regional principle, which includes six mezoregions, namely: Banja Luka with headquarters in Banja Luka, Bijeljina with headquarters in Bijeljina, Doboj with headquarters in Doboj, Prijedor headquartered in Prijedor, East Sarajevo with two mezoregional headquarters Pale and Lukavica (East Ilidža), Trebinje with headquarters in Trebinje.Within the framework of mezoregions there are four subregions: Zvornik, Gradiška, Foča and Mrkonjić Grad (Urban Planning Institute of RS 2008).
The Brčko District of BiHwas founded on 1. March 2000 on the territory of the former Brčko municipality and declared as a separate area.The Brčko District covers a territory of 493 km², with 59 settlements.Entities and BDBiH do not have sovereignty, and borders between them do not have the characteristics of a state border.(Dayton Agreement, annex 4 1995,74).According to the 2013 list, there are 3. 791.622 inhabitants in Bosnia and Herzegovina, of which: FBiH 2. 371.603, RS 1. 326.991, BDBiH 93.028.(Fig. 3).

Geographical regionalization
The last geographically relevant attempt to adequately differentiate the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina on the physiological basis is the geographical regionalization of Nurković and Mirić (2005).This regionalization is reflected in the two-tiered regional structure, ie the allocation of four macro-regional units, which are subdivided to a total of 12 mezoregions.The territory of the Posavina-Spreča-Majevica of the lower Drina Mesoregion includes the area of Northeast Bosnia, namely the Tuzla region.

Materials and Methods
An emphasized interest in regional issues and within the more rational spatial organization of economic activities is one of the essential characteristics of the contemporary era.A regional component of the economic development of individual states or groups of countries is present in almost all plans and analyzes.It is the basis for a better understanding of certain parts of the territory or the state as a whole and an important segment of territorially harmonized development.The exploration of the tourist development of north-eastern Bosnia in this work requires the spatial definition, ie the inclusion of the Tuzla tourist region in the area of North Bosnia.The motives and objectives of the search basically come down to the need to establish more effective coordination of tourism development at the regional level, the interconnection of tourist destinations, a range of common development issues, and the achievement of greater efficiency of the overall economic development.During the conducted field research, the emphasis was placed on the detailed attribution of tourism potential and their role in spatial organization and tourism development.Using the experience of thepractical and theoretical tourist and economic regionalization of Bosnia and Herzegovina so far, as well as detailed analyzes of tourism-geographic potentials, in the paperare isolatedthe examples of tourism regionalization of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The research has confirmed the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of tourismattractive resources in which specific forms of relief, pleasant climate, hydrographic and biogeographic rarity are distinguished, which are a good basis for creating a new image of space in tourism-geographic marketing, linking tourist communities and acquainting more and more visitors with the destinations that offer favorable conditions for rest, recreation and treatment.
The tourism-geographical features of the area are presented in this paper, and a shorter analysis of municipalities with dominant tourist potentials and facilities with the dominant function of tourism, in which tourism can become a significant economic activity.The methodology in this paper required the application of combined qualitative and quantitative comparative methods, methods of analysis and synthesis.The complexity of the research required the use of data from different sources, in addition to the references, there were used planning documents, maps, field sketches and statistical indicators.Collected materials and work data are processed according to their structure by modern methods including GIS technology.

Delimitation of the Tuzla Tourist Region in Northern Bosnia
The new administrative territory of the north-eastern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina was created in 1995, consisting of the territory of the Tuzla Canton with 13 municipalities, Mezoregion Bijeljina with 10 municipalities and the Brčko District as an autonomous area with one municipal center.
The Tuzla Canton has a surface area of 2.652 km², representing 11.1% of the territory of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, where 47.278 inhabitants live.Includes the following: the central, northwest, and western part of Northeast Bosnia.The average population density of this area is 230 inhabitants per 1km².Tuzla, Gradačac, Gračanica, Kladanj, Lukavac, Srebrenik, Banovići, Doboj-Istok, Kalesija, Čelić, Sapna, Teočak and Živinice (Population Census 2013) are part of the Tuzla Canton.The Mezoregion Bijeljina has a surface area of 3.483 km², where 477.278 inhabitants live.Includes the northeastern, eastern and southern part of Northeast Bosnia.The Bijeljinamezoregion consists of municipalities: Bijeljina, Bratunac, Lopare, Milići, Osmaci, Srebrenica, Sekovići, Vlasenica, Ugljevik and Zvornik.The District is located on the right bank of the Sava River in the north-eastern part of the macro-region of Northern Bosnia.It borders with municipalities: Srebrenik, Lopare, Bijeljina, Gradačac and Orašje (Government of Brčko District BiH, 2008).
Tab. 2: Territory of the Tuzla tourist region.The commitment of the author for the territorial definition of the Tuzla tourist region has its basis in the proposed linkage between the municipalities of the economic and commercial organization, and is also in agreement with the territories of East Bosnian   Source: Tourist Board Tuzla Canton, 2018.

Kladanj Municipality
The Kladanj Municipality is located in the southwestern part of north-eastern Bosnia, extending along the Drinjača River Valley.It has a surface area of 328 km² with a population of 13. 041.Kladanj is connected by traffic to Tuzla, Sarajevo and Zvornik.
In written sources, it was first mentioned in 1366 in the travelogue of Fr Marinić.Dominant touristpotentialsare: Male Waters (Muška voda), hunting areas of Konjuh, Ujča river canyon, Karaula area, speleological objects of Djevojačka and Bebravska cave.Visitors can get acquainted with objects of oriental architecture and stećak necropolis (tombstones).Two hotels and motel are available from accommodation.

Conclusion
After defining a tourist region, i.e. designing of a new state, in this case of state development of each destination and environment which are essential for the development of such a destination, the logical sequence of activities is to apply the following managerial activity, namely to find an effective and efficient organizational mechanism for successful implementation of the planned not only development goals and strategies, but also the operationalization of the same.
Tourism development is based on a natural and cultural-historical heritage, which implies the transformation of existing comparative advantages such as natural resources and cultural-historical heritage into competitive advantages through service-creative services.Analyzing the present situation of the tourist-geographic area of Tuzla region, it can be noted that although there is a favorable environment for tourism development, tourism infrastructure is below expectations of visitors.There are still no defined tourist visits, a large number of visitors remain shortly and there is missing records of arrivals, so that tourism development can not be fully monitored.There is not enough promotion of tourism potentials, along with the traffic infrastructure which is not developed enough, and there is the inadequate tourist equipment of the available resources.Successful business operations in tourism should be based on the continuous improvement of the quality of services.This can be achieved by mutual cooperation of all business entities and employees in tourism business.Tourism in the Srebrenica region is less developed, although there are great opportunities for its development.
Considering the existence of solid bases for the development of mountain hunting industry, sport fishing, natural beauties and a large number of cultural monuments, it can be treated as a whole as a very interesting tourist area.The tourist offer of the Srebrenica-Vlasenica area should be directed towards the spa-health direction (accommodation in hotels and private houses), recreational direction (outside the spa) with various contents such as excursions and walking in the surroundings.This possibility is provided by numerous meadows with the fragrant plants and forest complexes at the foot of the Sušica, the accumulation of Peručac and the Drina Canyon.Air temperatures are of the utmost importance for recreational tourismtrends.Warm days range from the middle of June to the middle of September, which also allows complementary types of tourism, spa, walking and sportsrecreational tourism.In accordance with all that has been analyzed and said in this paper, it is logical to impose strategic directions on the tourism industry in the whole area of the region, which implies: intensified development of tourism and provision of quality tourist services, better capacity utilisation, extended tourist season, better business organization, increased labourproductivity, more efficient growth and faster development of underdeveloped areas.

Fig 1 :
Fig 1: Nodal-functional regionalization of Bosnia and Herzegovina.Source: The map was made by authors according to the research of authors Petrović and Klapić.

Fig. 2 :
Fig. 2: Regionalization according to the Chambers of Commerce of Bosnia and Herzegovina.Source: Map made by the authors on the basis of the source of Economic-Geographic Region of BiH, Geographic review, Sarajevo, page 38.1.4.The administrative structure of Bosnia and Herzegovina since 1995 After the last war (1992-1995), the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina is administratively regulated as a state with two entities: the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH) and Republic of Srpska (RS) and special administrative area of the Brčko District (BD BiH).

Fig 3 :
Fig 3: Territorial arrangement of Bosnia and Herzegovina since 1995.Source: Map made by the authors according to the Deyton Peace Agreement.1.5Regionalization by economic-geographic regions Positive experiences of economic regionalization have been demonstrated by the European Union's Project for Regional Economic Development of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2004.In this proposal of economic-geographical regionalization, based on the association of municipalities, the following regions are separated: North-West, Central-North, North-East, Central-East and South Bosnian and Herzegovinian Economic-Geographical Region.(Okerić2012, 985)  According to this concept, there are 38 municipalities in the Tuzla economic-geographic region with an area of 7. 841 km².(Fig.4)

Fig 5 :
Fig 5: Geographical regionalisation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.Source: The map made by the authors according to source Nurković.Mirić.2005.

Fig 6 .
Fig 6.Administrative territory of the Tuzla tourist region since 1995.Source: The authors made the map by source.
3.1.1.Municipality of Tuzla The municipality of Tuzla is located on the southeastern slopes of Majevica mountain.It includes the central part of Northeastern Bosnia, stretches along the valleys of the Jala and Solina rivers.It has an area of 296 km² where 120.441 inhabitants live.Tuzla is the center of Tuzla Canton and represents the largest city center.It has a favorable geographic position, gravitates to a large area, is geographically connected to all parts of north-eastern Bosnia and the state.In written sources, it is first mentioned in the work "De administrando imperio" of the Byzantine emperor and historian Konstantin Porfirogenita from the middle of the 10th century when the city was called Salines and the wider area Soli (Middle Ages cantons in the Northeast Bosnia 2008).Dominant tourist potentialsare: salty Pannonian Lakes, Archaeological Park, Ilinčica, Kiseljak and Stara Majevica excursion sites.Visitors can get acquainted with archaeological sites, urban-architectural heritage, religious facilities, and saltwater wells for brine exploitation.Two hotels, 4 motels and two boarding houses and more accommodation facilities are available from accommodation (Tourist Board of Tuzla Canton, Tuzla 2018).

Fig. 7 :
Fig. 7: Hotel Mellain in Tuzla.Source: Tourist Board Tuzla Canton, 2018.3.1.2.Municipality of Gradačac The Gradačac municipality is located at the foot of Ozrenmountain, in the far north part of the northeastern Bosnia.It includes the south and southeastern part of Middle Posavina.It has an area of 219 km 2 where 41.836 inhabitants live.Gradačac is connected to Bosanski Šamac, Gračanica, Doboj, Tuzla and the Brčko District by traffic.It is mentioned for the first time in 1302 in written sources.During the 18th century (after the border of the Ottoman empire was established on the Sava) the strategic importance of Gradačac as a frontier settlement gained significance affecting the expansion and development of the city (Values and condition of Husein Captain Gradašćević Tower).

Fig. 11 :
Fig.11: IX International Kayaking and Canoeing Competition at Zvornik Lake Divič, 2018.Source: https://rtvtk.ba.3.1.8.Srebrenica municipality The Srebrenica municipality is located along the central part of the river Drina river in the extreme southern part of north-eastern Bosnia.It has an area of 530 km² with 15.242 inhabitants.Srebrenica is connectedby traffic to Zvornik, Bijeljina, Tuzla and Sarajevo, via the Drina river bridge with Bajina Bašta (Republic of Serbia).In written sources, the first mention is made in 1353.At the time of Roman rule, it was a significant mining and trading center of Roman Argentarias, and in the Middle Ages the seat of the Bosnian Franciscans.(Treasures on the Roads of Yugoslavia, 1983) Dominant tourist potentialsare: mineral springs, cliffs and the canyon of the Drina river, the accumulation of Peručac Lake, the hunting fields of Sušica.Above the Tuzla macro-region, largely with the East Bosnia tourist region concept, proposal of the Tuzla economic geographic macroregion and the Posavina-Speča-Majevica-Drina geographic mezoregions.During the conducted field research, the emphasis was placed on the detailed attribution of natural-geographic and social geographic tourism motives and their role in spatial organization and tourism development.Below are summarized concise characteristics for the Tuzla tourist region, along with detailed statistical indicators and the presentation of spatial plans for tourism development.(PopulationList of BiH 2013).According to this type of administrative arrangement, the territory of the Tuzla tourist region is located within the geographical coordinates between 44 and 45° north latitude and 18 and 20° east longitude.From the east and north, it is bordered by the rivers Drina and Sava, from the west and south by the mountains Ozren, Konjuh and Javor.Within this territory, it occupies an area of 6. 628 km² (or 7.7% of the territory of BiH), which, according to the 2013 list, has 857.372 inhabitants.The average population density of this area is 129 inhabitants per km² (Census of BiH 2013).